Distribution System Blackstart and Restoration Using DERs and Dynamically Formed Microgrids

Maharjan, Salish; Bai, Cong; Wang, Han; Yao, Yiyun; Ding, Fei; Wang, Zhaoyu

doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3536847

Distribution System Blackstart and Restoration Using DERs and Dynamically Formed Microgrids

Journal Article · Wed Jan 29 19:00:00 EST 2025 · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3536847· OSTI ID:2526554

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Iowa State University, Ames, IA (United States)
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Extreme weather events have led to long-duration outages in the distribution system (DS), necessitating novel approaches to blackstart and restore the system. Existing blackstart solutions utilize blackstart units to establish multiple microgrids (MGs), sequentially energize non-blackstart units, and restore loads. However, these approaches often result in isolated MGs. In DERs-aided blackstart, the continuous operation of these MGs is limited by the finite energy capacity of commonly used blackstart units like battery energy storage (BES)-based gridforming inverters (GFMIs). To address this issue, this article proposes a holistic blackstart and restoration framework that incorporates synchronization between dynamic MGs and the entire DS with the transmission grid (TG). To support synchronization, we leveraged virtual synchronous generator-based control for GFMIs to estimate their frequency response to load pick-up events using only initial/final quasi-steady-state points. Subsequently, a synchronization switching condition is developed to model synchronizing switches, aligning them seamlessly with a linearized branch flow problem. Finally, we designed a bottomup blackstart and restoration framework that considers the switching structure of the DS, energizing/synchronizing switches, DERs with grid-following inverters, and BES-based GFMIs with frequency security constraints. In conclusion, the proposed framework is validated in IEEE-123-bus system, considering cases with two and four GFMIs under various TG recovery instants.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Solar Energy Technologies Office; National Science Foundation (NSF)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308

OSTI ID:: 2526554

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA--5D00-91197; MainAdminId:76131; MainId:92975; UUID:d22e7600-fae4-4fd8-84e8-3bb677b6c30f

Journal Information:: IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Journal Name: IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid Journal Issue: 3 Vol. 16; ISSN 1949-3053

Publisher:: IEEECopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Distribution System Blackstart and Restoration Using DERs and Dynamically Formed Microgrids

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