Surface magnetism in Fe3GeTe2 van der Waals ferromagnet

Tyson, Trevor Anthony; Amarasinghe, Sandun; Abeykoon, Milinda; Lalancette, Roger; Du, Kai; Fang, Xiaochen; Cheong, Sang-Wook; Al-Mahboob, Abdullah; Sadowski, Jerzy T.

doi:10.1088/2053-1583/adb43f

Surface magnetism in Fe₃GeTe₂ van der Waals ferromagnet

Journal Article · Mon Feb 10 00:00:00 EST 2025 · 2D Materials

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/adb43f· OSTI ID:2519657

^[1]; Amarasinghe, Sandun ^[1]; Abeykoon, Milinda ^[2]; Lalancette, Roger ^[3]; Du, Kai ^[4]; Fang, Xiaochen ^[4]; ^[4]; Al-Mahboob, Abdullah ^[5]; ^[6]

New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, NJ (United States)
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States). National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II)
Rutgers University, Newark, NJ (United States)
Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ (United States)
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States). Center for Functional Nanomaterials (CFN)

The surface magnetization of Fe₃GeTe₂ was examined by low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) using an off-normal incidence electron beam. We found that the 180o domain walls are of Bloch type. Temperature-dependent LEEM measurements yield a surface magnetization with a surface critical exponent β1 = 0.79±0.02. This result is consistent with surface magnetism in the 3D semi-infinite Heisenberg (β1 = 0.84±0.01) or Ising (β1 = 0.78±0.02) models, which is distinctly different from the bulk exponent (β = 0.34±0.07). Further, the measurements reveal the power of LEEM with a tilted beam to determine magnetic domain structure in quantum materials, without need for the use of spin-polarized electrons. Single crystal diffraction measurements reveal inversion symmetry-breaking weak peaks and yield space group P-6m2. This Fe site defect-derived loss of inversion symmetry enables the formation of skyrmions in this Fe₃GeTe₂ crystal.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States). Center for Functional Nanomaterials (CFN); Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States). National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Scientific User Facilities (SUF)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0012704

OSTI ID:: 2519657

Report Number(s):: BNL--227586-2025-JAAM

Journal Information:: 2D Materials, Journal Name: 2D Materials Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 12; ISSN 2053-1583

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (56)

Two‐Dimensional Magnets: Forgotten History and Recent Progress towards Spintronic Applications Cortie, David L.; Causer, Grace L.; Rule, Kirrily C. Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201901414	journal	May 2019
Tunable Néel–Bloch Magnetic Twists in Fe ₃ GeTe ₂ with van der Waals Structure Peng, Licong; Yasin, Fehmi S.; Park, Tae‐Eon Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202103583	journal	June 2021
Van der Waals Heterostructures for High‐Performance Device Applications: Challenges and Opportunities Liang, Shi‐Jun; Cheng, Bin; Cui, Xinyi Advanced Materials https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201903800	journal	October 2019
Magnetic Skyrmions in a Thickness Tunable 2D Ferromagnet from a Defect Driven Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya Interaction Chakraborty, Anirban; Srivastava, Abhay K.; Sharma, Ankit K. Advanced Materials, Vol. 34, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202108637	journal	February 2022
Broken Inversion Symmetry in Van Der Waals Topological Ferromagnetic Metal Iron Germanium Telluride Zhang, Kai‐Xuan; Ju, Hwiin; Kim, Hyuncheol Advanced Materials, Vol. 36, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202312824	journal	December 2023
Prospects and Opportunities of 2D van der Waals Magnetic Systems Wang, Meng‐Chien; Huang, Che‐Chun; Cheung, Chi‐Ho Annalen der Physik, Vol. 532, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.201900452	journal	March 2020
Fe3GeTe2 and Ni3GeTe2 – Two New Layered Transition-Metal Compounds: Crystal Structures, HRTEM Investigations, and Magnetic and Electrical Properties Deiseroth, Hans-Jörg; Aleksandrov, Krasimir; Reiner, Christof European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2006, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.200501020	journal	April 2006
Domain pattern observations in rock magnetism: progress and problems Halgedahl, S. L. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 46, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(87)90178-6	journal	June 1987
Surface oxidation in a van der Waals ferromagnet Fe3-xGeTe2 Kim, Dong Seob; Kee, Jung Yun; Lee, Ji-Eun Current Applied Physics, Vol. 30 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2021.04.022	journal	October 2021
Low energy (1–100 eV) electron inelastic mean free path (IMFP) values determined from analysis of secondary electron yields (SEY) in the incident energy range of 0.1–10 keV Ridzel, Olga Yu.; Astašauskas, Vytautas; Werner, Wolfgang S. M. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, Vol. 241 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elspec.2019.02.003	journal	May 2020
Fundamental physics and applications of skyrmions: A review Wang, Kang; Bheemarasetty, Vineetha; Duan, Junhang Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Vol. 563 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2022.169905	journal	December 2022
Electron optics for low energy electron microscopy Mankos, Marian; Adler, David; Veneklasen, Lee Physics Procedia, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2008.07.131	journal	August 2008
Beyond skyrmions: Review and perspectives of alternative magnetic quasiparticles Göbel, Börge; Mertig, Ingrid; Tretiakov, Oleg A. Physics Reports, Vol. 895 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2020.10.001	journal	February 2021
Magnetic Skyrmion Materials Tokura, Yoshinori; Kanazawa, Naoya Chemical Reviews, Vol. 121, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00297	journal	November 2020
Chiral Spin Spirals at the Surface of the van der Waals Ferromagnet Fe ₃ GeTe ₂ Meijer, Mariëlle J.; Lucassen, Juriaan; Duine, Rembert A. Nano Letters, Vol. 20, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03111	journal	November 2020
Patterning-Induced Ferromagnetism of Fe ₃ GeTe ₂ van der Waals Materials beyond Room Temperature Li, Qian; Yang, Mengmeng; Gong, Cheng Nano Letters, Vol. 18, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02806	journal	August 2018
Observation of Magnetic Skyrmion Bubbles in a van der Waals Ferromagnet Fe ₃ GeTe ₂ Ding, Bei; Li, Zefang; Xu, Guizhou Nano Letters, Vol. 20, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03453	journal	December 2019
Emergent Phenomena in Magnetic Two-Dimensional Materials and van der Waals Heterostructures Li, Yang; Yang, Baishun; Xu, Shengnan ACS Applied Electronic Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.2c00419	journal	June 2022
Layer-Dependent Magnetic Domains in Atomically Thin Fe₅GeTe₂ Fujita, Ryuji; Bassirian, Pedram; Li, Zhengxian ACS Nano, Vol. 16, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c01948	journal	July 2022
Surface and Thin Film Magnetization of Transition Metals Jensen, P. J.; Bennemann, K. H. Langmuir, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/la940906g	journal	January 1996
Magnetism in flatland Samarth, Nitin Nature, Vol. 546, Issue 7657 https://doi.org/10.1038/546216a	journal	June 2017
Spontaneous skyrmion ground states in magnetic metals Rößler, U. K.; Bogdanov, A. N.; Pfleiderer, C. Nature, Vol. 442, Issue 7104, p. 797-801 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05056	journal	August 2006
Discovery of intrinsic ferromagnetism in two-dimensional van der Waals crystals Gong, Cheng; Li, Lin; Li, Zhenglu Nature, Vol. 546, Issue 7657 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22060	journal	April 2017
Layer-dependent ferromagnetism in a van der Waals crystal down to the monolayer limit Huang, Bevin; Clark, Genevieve; Navarro-Moratalla, Efrén Nature, Vol. 546, Issue 7657 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22391	journal	June 2017
Hard magnetic properties in nanoflake van der Waals Fe3GeTe2 Tan, Cheng; Lee, Jinhwan; Jung, Soon-Gil Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04018-w	journal	April 2018
Large anomalous Hall current induced by topological nodal lines in a ferromagnetic van der Waals semimetal Kim, Kyoo; Seo, Junho; Lee, Eunwoo Nature Materials, Vol. 17, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-018-0132-3	journal	July 2018
Two-dimensional itinerant ferromagnetism in atomically thin Fe3GeTe2 Fei, Zaiyao; Huang, Bevin; Malinowski, Paul Nature Materials, Vol. 17, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-018-0149-7	journal	August 2018
Critical behavior of the van der Waals bonded high T C ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2 Liu, Bingjie; Zou, Youming; Zhou, Shiming Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06671-5	journal	July 2017
Magnetic microstructure and magnetic properties of uniaxial itinerant ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2 León-Brito, N.; Bauer, E. D.; Ronning, F. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 120, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4961592	journal	August 2016
The properties and prospects of chemically exfoliated nanosheets for quantum materials in two dimensions Song, Xiaoyu; Yuan, Fang; Schoop, Leslie M. Applied Physics Reviews, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0038644	journal	March 2021
Recent progress on 2D magnets: Fundamental mechanism, structural design and modification Jiang, Xue; Liu, Qinxi; Xing, Jianpei Applied Physics Reviews, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0039979	journal	September 2021
Ordering, metastability and phase transitions in two-dimensional systems Kosterlitz, J M; Thouless, D J Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, Vol. 6, Issue 7, p. 1181-1203 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3719/6/7/010	journal	April 1973
Low energy electron microscopy Bauer, E. Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 57, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/57/9/002	journal	September 1994
Universal window for two-dimensional critical exponents Taroni, A.; Bramwell, S. T.; Holdsworth, P. C. W. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 20, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/20/27/275233	journal	June 2008
Magnetization and universal sub-critical behaviour in two-dimensional XY magnets Bramwell, S. T.; Holdsworth, P. C. W. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/5/4/004	journal	January 1993
Electron inelastic mean free path at energies below 100 eV Nguyen-Truong, Hieu T. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 29, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/aa6b9d	journal	April 2017
Magnetic domain walls of the van der Waals material Fe₃GeTe₂ Yang, Hung-Hsiang; Bansal, Namrata; Rüßmann, Philipp 2D Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ac5d0e	journal	March 2022
Critical behavior of La 0.75 Sr 0.25 MnO 3 Kim, D.; Zink, B. L.; Hellman, F. Physical Review B, Vol. 65, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.65.214424	journal	June 2002
Three-dimensional Ising critical behavior inR0.6Sr0.4MnO3(R=Pr,Nd)manganites Oleaga, A.; Salazar, A.; Ciomaga Hantean, M. Physical Review B, Vol. 92, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.92.024409	journal	July 2015
Critical behavior of the van der Waals bonded ferromagnet Fe 3 − x GeTe 2 Liu, Yu; Ivanovski, V. N.; Petrovic, C. Physical Review B, Vol. 96, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.96.144429	journal	October 2017
Visualization and manipulation of magnetic domains in the quasi-two-dimensional material F e 3 GeT e 2 Nguyen, Giang D.; Lee, Jinhwan; Berlijn, Tom Physical Review B, Vol. 97, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.97.014425	journal	January 2018
Absence of Ferromagnetism or Antiferromagnetism in One- or Two-Dimensional Isotropic Heisenberg Models Mermin, N. D.; Wagner, H. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.17.1133	journal	November 1966
Surface Magnetization of Ferromagnetic Ni(110): A Polarized Low-Energy Electron Diffraction Experiment Celotta, R. J.; Pierce, D. T.; Wang, G. -C. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 43, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.43.728	journal	September 1979
Crossover Scaling and Critical Behavior at the "Surface-Bulk" Multicritical Point Binder, K.; Landau, D. P. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 52, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.52.318	journal	January 1984
Critical behavior of the nonlinearσmodel with a free surface: The ‘‘ordinary’’ transition in 2+ε dimensions Diehl, H. W.; Nüsser, A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 56, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.2834	journal	June 1986
Critical Behavior of the Surface Magnetization of an Isotropic Heisenberg Ferromagnet: EuS(111) on Si(111) Dauth, B. H.; Alvarado, S. F.; Campagna, M. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 58, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.2118	journal	May 1987
Gd(0001): A Semi-Infinite Three-Dimensional Heisenberg Ferromagnet withOrdinarySurface Transition Arnold, C. S.; Pappas, D. P. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 85, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.5202	journal	December 2000
Colloquium : Saturation of electrical resistivity Gunnarsson, O.; Calandra, M.; Han, J. E. Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 75, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.75.1085	journal	October 2003
OLEX2 : a complete structure solution, refinement and analysis program Dolomanov, Oleg V.; Bourhis, Luc J.; Gildea, Richard J. Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 42, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889808042726	journal	January 2009
The analytical calculation of absorption in multifaceted crystals Clark, R. C.; Reid, J. S. Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography, Vol. 51, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108767395007367	journal	November 1995
Crystal structure refinement with SHELXL Sheldrick, George M. Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry, Vol. 71, Issue 1, p. 3-8 https://doi.org/10.1107/S2053229614024218	journal	January 2015
SHELXT – Integrated space-group and crystal-structure determination Sheldrick, George M. Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances, Vol. 71, Issue 1, p. 3-8 https://doi.org/10.1107/S2053273314026370	journal	January 2015
Polarized Electron Probes of Magnetic Surfaces Celotta, Robert J.; Pierce, Daniel T. Science, Vol. 234, Issue 4774 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.234.4774.333	journal	October 1986
Two-dimensional magnetic crystals and emergent heterostructure devices Gong, Cheng; Zhang, Xiang Science, Vol. 363, Issue 6428 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav4450	journal	February 2019
Intrinsic 2D-XY ferromagnetism in a van der Waals monolayer Bedoya-Pinto, Amilcar; Ji, Jing-Rong; Pandeya, Avanindra K. Science, Vol. 374, Issue 6567 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd5146	journal	October 2021
Skyrmion-Antiskyrmion Racetrack Memory in Rank-One DMI Materials Hoffmann, Markus; Müller, Gideon P.; Melcher, Christof Frontiers in Physics, Vol. 9 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2021.769873	journal	November 2021

Similar Records

Creation of skyrmions in van der Waals ferromagnet Fe ₃ GeTe ₂ on (Co/Pd) _n superlattice

Journal Article · Thu Sep 03 20:00:00 EDT 2020 · Science Advances · OSTI ID:1657886

Field-Dependent Magnetic Domain Behavior in van der Waals Fe₃GeTe₂

Journal Article · Sun May 08 20:00:00 EDT 2022 · JOM. Journal of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society · OSTI ID:1871326

Related Subjects

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE

Surface magnetism in Fe3GeTe2 van der Waals ferromagnet

Citation Formats

References (56)

Similar Records

Related Subjects

Surface magnetism in Fe₃GeTe₂ van der Waals ferromagnet