Canopy structure modulates the sensitivity of subalpine forest stands to interannual snowpack and precipitation variability

Berkelhammer, Max; Page, Gerald M.; Zurek, Frank; Still, Christopher; Carbone, Mariah S.; Talavera, William; Hildebrand, Laura; Byron, James; Inthabandith, Kyle; Kucinski, Angellica; Carlson, Melissa; Foss, Kelsey; Brown, Wendy; Carroll, Rosemary W. H.; Simonpietri, Austin; Worsham, Marshall; Breckheimer, Ian; Ryken, Anna; Maxwell, Reed; Gochis, David; Raleigh, Mark S.; Small, Eric; Williams, Kenneth H.

doi:10.5194/hess-29-701-2025

Canopy structure modulates the sensitivity of subalpine forest stands to interannual snowpack and precipitation variability

Journal Article · Wed Feb 05 00:00:00 EST 2025 · Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (Online)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-701-2025· OSTI ID:2511344

^[1]; ^[2]; Zurek, Frank ^[1]; ^[3]; ^[4]; Talavera, William ^[1]; Hildebrand, Laura ^[1]; Byron, James ^[1]; Inthabandith, Kyle ^[1]; Kucinski, Angellica ^[1]; Carlson, Melissa ^[1]; Foss, Kelsey ^[1]; ^[5]; Carroll, Rosemary W. H. ^[6]; Simonpietri, Austin ^[5]; Worsham, Marshall ^[7]; Breckheimer, Ian ^[8]; Ryken, Anna ^[9]; ^[10]; Gochis, David ^[11] more »

Univ. of Illinois, Chicago, IL (United States)
Murdoch Univ., WA (Australia); Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR (United States)
Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR (United States); Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO (United States)
Northern Arizona Univ., Flagstaff, AZ (United States); Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO (United States)
Northern Arizona Univ., Flagstaff, AZ (United States)
Desert Research Institute (DRI), Reno, NV (United States)
University of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Western Colorado University, Gunnison, CO (United States); Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO (United States)
Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO (United States)
Princeton Univ., NJ (United States)
National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO (United States)
Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR (United States)
Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO (United States)

A declining spring snowpack is expected to have widespread effects on montane and subalpine forests in western North America and across the globe. The way that tree water demands respond to this change will have important impacts on forest health and downstream water subsidies. Here, we present data from a network of sap velocity sensors and xylem water isotope measurements from three common tree species (Picea engelmannii, Abies lasiocarpa and Populus tremuloides) across a hillslope transect in a subalpine watershed in the Upper Colorado River basin. We use these data to compare tree- and stand-level responses to the historically high spring snowpack but low summer rainfall of 2019 against the low spring snowpack but high summer rainfall amounts of 2021 and 2022. From the sap velocity data, we found that only 40 % of the trees showed an increase in cumulative transpiration in response to the large snowpack year (2019), illustrating the absence of a common response to interannual spring snowpack variability. The trees that increased water use during the year with the large spring snowpack were all found in dense canopy stands – irrespective of species – while trees in open-canopy stands were more reliant on summer rains and, thus, more active during the years with modest snow and higher summer rain amounts. Using the sap velocity data along with supporting measurements of soil moisture and snow depth, we propose three mechanisms that lead to stand density modulating the tree-level response to changing seasonality of precipitation: Topographically mediated convergence zones have consistent access to recharge from snowmelt which supports denser stands with high water demands that are more reliant and sensitive to changing snow. Interception of summer rain in dense stands reduces the throughfall of summer rain to surface soils, limiting the sensitivity of the dense stands to changes in summer rain. Shading in dense stands allows the snowpack to persist deeper into the growing season, providing high local reliance on snow during the fore-summer (early-summer) drought period. Combining data generated from natural gradients in stand density, like this experiment, with results from controlled forest-thinning experiments can be used to develop a better understanding of the responses of forested ecosystems to futures with reduced spring snowpack.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; SC0019210; SC0021139; SC0024218

OSTI ID:: 2511344

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 2565881

Journal Information:: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (Online), Journal Name: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (Online) Journal Issue: 3 Vol. 29; ISSN 1607-7938

Publisher:: European Geosciences Union (EGU)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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