Apple Bitter Rot: Biology, Ecology, Omics, Virulence Factors, and Management of Causal Colletotrichum Species

Boeckman, Nathanial J.; Borba, Matheus Correa; Bernal, Valentina Valencia; Khodadadi, Fatemeh; Jurick, II, Wayne M.; Aćimović, Srđan G.

doi:10.1111/mpp.70050

Apple Bitter Rot: Biology, Ecology, Omics, Virulence Factors, and Management of Causal Colletotrichum Species

Journal Article · Sat Jan 11 23:00:00 EST 2025 · Molecular Plant Pathology

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.70050· OSTI ID:2507271

Boeckman, Nathanial J. ^[1]; Borba, Matheus Correa ^[1]; Bernal, Valentina Valencia ^[2]; Khodadadi, Fatemeh ^[2]; Jurick, II, Wayne M. ^[3]; ^[1]

Plant Pathology Laboratory, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Winchester Virginia USA
Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology University of California Riverside California USA
Food Quality Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Beltsville Maryland USA

ABSTRACT

Apple bitter rot is caused by various Colletotrichum spp. that threaten apple production globally resulting in millions of dollars in damage annually. The fungus causes a decline in fruit quality and yield, eventually rotting the fruit and rendering it inedible. The pathogen is difficult to keep out of orchards because of its broad host range and transmissibility by rain splash and insects. Once the disease manifests, pathogen identification is difficult due to evolving taxonomy and similar morphology between species. Current management strategies are threatened by an increase in fungicide resistance and regulations on many multisite fungicides, leading to a pressing need for new management options for control. This review aims to summarise the most current knowledge regarding the biology, virulence factors, ecology, omics and emerging management strategies for Colletotrichum species that cause apple bitter rot.

Taxonomy

Colletotrichum species—Domain Eukaryota, Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Class Sordariomycetes, Order Glomerellales, Family Glomerellaceae, Genus Colletotrichum .

Biology

Hemibiotrophic pathogen with a wide host range that establishes a biotrophic interaction where it penetrates host plants using appressoria followed by a switch to necrotrophy causing rot symptoms.

Toxins

Cercosporin, colletotrichins, colletotric acid, ferricrocin.

Host Range

The host range varies by species but largely occurs on dicotyledonous plants and is less prevalent on monocots as well as gymnosperms, ferns, mosses and animals (e.g., insects).

Disease Symptoms

Symptoms often manifest as flat to sunken necrotic areas on fruit. Lesions on leaves and fruit can have concentric rings with abundant pathogen sporulation.

Disease Control

Colletotrichum spp. are primarily managed by single‐site quinone outside inhibitor (Qol), methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC), demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, and multisite dithiocarbamate and phthalimide fungicides. Susceptibility may vary with species, strain specificity, or geographic region. Other management options include clean stock production, cultural practices, resistance breeding, and biological control through the introduction of protective or competing microorganisms.

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Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: NONE; SC0014664

OSTI ID:: 2507271

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 2536819

Journal Information:: Molecular Plant Pathology, Journal Name: Molecular Plant Pathology Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 26; ISSN 1464-6722

Publisher:: Wiley-BlackwellCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

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