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Inference of the Mass Composition of Cosmic Rays with Energies from 10 18.5 to 10 20 eV Using the Pierre Auger Observatory and Deep Learning

Journal Article · · Physical Review Letters
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We present measurements of the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum X max , inferred for the first time on an event-by-event level using the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Using deep learning, we were able to extend measurements of the X max distributions up to energies of 100 EeV ( 10 20 eV ), not yet revealed by current measurements, providing new insights into the mass composition of cosmic rays at extreme energies. Gaining a 10-fold increase in statistics compared to the fluorescence detector data, we find evidence that the rate of change of the average X max with the logarithm of energy features three breaks at 6.5 ± 0.6 ( stat ) ± 1 ( syst ) EeV , 11 ± 2 ( stat ) ± 1 ( syst ) EeV , and 31 ± 5 ( stat ) ± 3 ( syst ) EeV , in the vicinity to the three prominent features (ankle, instep, suppression) of the cosmic-ray flux. The energy evolution of the mean and standard deviation of the measured X max distributions indicates that the mass composition becomes increasingly heavier and purer, thus being incompatible with a large fraction of light nuclei between 50 and 100 EeV.

Published by the American Physical Society 2025
Research Organization:
ABC Federal U.; ASFYON; ASI, Rome; Adelaide U.; Amsterdam U.; Bath U.; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.; Brussels U., IIHE; Bucharest U.; Bucharest, Inst. Space Science; Buenos Aires, CONICET; CEFET, Rio de Janeiro; CEFIMAS, Buenos Aires; CINVESTAV, IPN; Campina Grande Federal U.; Campinas State U.; Case Western Reserve U.; Catania U.; Centro Atomico Bariloche; Charles U.; Chiapas Autonoma U.; Chicago U., EFI; Colorado School of Mines; Colorado State U.; Cracow, INP; Delaware U.; Erlangen - Nuremberg U., ECAP; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); GSSI, Aquila; Gran Sasso; Granada U.; Hamburg U., Inst. Theor. Phys. II; IASF, Palermo; ICAS, UNSAM, Buenos Aires; IFMT, Caceres; IJCLab, Orsay; INFN, Aquila; INFN, Catania; INFN, Lecce; INFN, Milan; INFN, Naples; INFN, Rome2; INFN, Turin; ITeDA, Buenos Aires; IUF, Paris; KIT, Karlsruhe, ETP; KIT, Karlsruhe, IAP; KIT, Karlsruhe, IPE; Kapteyn Astron. Inst., Groningen; L'Aquila U.; LIP, Lisbon; LPNHE, Paris; LPSC, Grenoble; La Plata U.; Leeds U.; Lehman Coll.; Lodz U.; Medellin U.; Messina U.; Mexico U., ICN; Michigan Tech. U.; Milan Polytechnic; Milan U.; NASA, Goddard; NIKHEF, Amsterdam; Naples U.; Natl. Tech. U., San Rafael; New York U. (main); Nijmegen U., IMAPP; Nova Gorica U.; OATo, Turin; Osaka City U.; Palacky U.; Palermo U.; Penn State U.; Pierre Auger Observ.; Prague, Inst. Phys.; Puebla U., Inst. Fis.; RWTH Aachen U.; Rio de Janeiro Federal U.; Rio de Janeiro, CBPF; Rome U., Tor Vergata; Rosario U.; Salento U.; San Augustin Natl. U., Arequipa; Santander Industrial U.; Santiago de Compostela U., IGFAE; Sao Paulo U.; Sao Paulo U., Sao Carlos; Siegen U.; Stefan Inst., Ljubljana; Turin U.; U. Sao Paulo (main); U. Tech. Natl., Argentina; UEFS, Feira de Santana; UFOP, Ouro Preto; USTC, Hefei; Vrije U., Amsterdam; Vrije U., Brussels; Wisconsin U., Madison; Wuppertal U.
Sponsoring Organization:
US Department of Energy; USDOE
Grant/Contract Number:
89243024CSC000002; AC02-07CH11359; FG02-99ER41107; SC0011689
OSTI ID:
2499835
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 2468760
Report Number(s):
FERMILAB-PUB-24-0614-PPD-TD; 021001
Journal Information:
Physical Review Letters, Journal Name: Physical Review Letters Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 134; ISSN 0031-9007; ISSN PRLTAO
Publisher:
American Physical SocietyCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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