Inference of the Mass Composition of Cosmic Rays with Energies from to Using the Pierre Auger Observatory and Deep Learning
We present measurements of the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum , inferred for the first time on an event-by-event level using the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Using deep learning, we were able to extend measurements of the distributions up to energies of 100 EeV ( ), not yet revealed by current measurements, providing new insights into the mass composition of cosmic rays at extreme energies. Gaining a 10-fold increase in statistics compared to the fluorescence detector data, we find evidence that the rate of change of the average with the logarithm of energy features three breaks at , , and , in the vicinity to the three prominent features (ankle, instep, suppression) of the cosmic-ray flux. The energy evolution of the mean and standard deviation of the measured distributions indicates that the mass composition becomes increasingly heavier and purer, thus being incompatible with a large fraction of light nuclei between 50 and 100 EeV.
Published by the American Physical Society 2025- Research Organization:
- ABC Federal U.; ASFYON; ASI, Rome; Adelaide U.; Amsterdam U.; Bath U.; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.; Brussels U., IIHE; Bucharest U.; Bucharest, Inst. Space Science; Buenos Aires, CONICET; CEFET, Rio de Janeiro; CEFIMAS, Buenos Aires; CINVESTAV, IPN; Campina Grande Federal U.; Campinas State U.; Case Western Reserve U.; Catania U.; Centro Atomico Bariloche; Charles U.; Chiapas Autonoma U.; Chicago U., EFI; Colorado School of Mines; Colorado State U.; Cracow, INP; Delaware U.; Erlangen - Nuremberg U., ECAP; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); GSSI, Aquila; Gran Sasso; Granada U.; Hamburg U., Inst. Theor. Phys. II; IASF, Palermo; ICAS, UNSAM, Buenos Aires; IFMT, Caceres; IJCLab, Orsay; INFN, Aquila; INFN, Catania; INFN, Lecce; INFN, Milan; INFN, Naples; INFN, Rome2; INFN, Turin; ITeDA, Buenos Aires; IUF, Paris; KIT, Karlsruhe, ETP; KIT, Karlsruhe, IAP; KIT, Karlsruhe, IPE; Kapteyn Astron. Inst., Groningen; L'Aquila U.; LIP, Lisbon; LPNHE, Paris; LPSC, Grenoble; La Plata U.; Leeds U.; Lehman Coll.; Lodz U.; Medellin U.; Messina U.; Mexico U., ICN; Michigan Tech. U.; Milan Polytechnic; Milan U.; NASA, Goddard; NIKHEF, Amsterdam; Naples U.; Natl. Tech. U., San Rafael; New York U. (main); Nijmegen U., IMAPP; Nova Gorica U.; OATo, Turin; Osaka City U.; Palacky U.; Palermo U.; Penn State U.; Pierre Auger Observ.; Prague, Inst. Phys.; Puebla U., Inst. Fis.; RWTH Aachen U.; Rio de Janeiro Federal U.; Rio de Janeiro, CBPF; Rome U., Tor Vergata; Rosario U.; Salento U.; San Augustin Natl. U., Arequipa; Santander Industrial U.; Santiago de Compostela U., IGFAE; Sao Paulo U.; Sao Paulo U., Sao Carlos; Siegen U.; Stefan Inst., Ljubljana; Turin U.; U. Sao Paulo (main); U. Tech. Natl., Argentina; UEFS, Feira de Santana; UFOP, Ouro Preto; USTC, Hefei; Vrije U., Amsterdam; Vrije U., Brussels; Wisconsin U., Madison; Wuppertal U.
- Sponsoring Organization:
- US Department of Energy; USDOE
- Grant/Contract Number:
- 89243024CSC000002; AC02-07CH11359; FG02-99ER41107; SC0011689
- OSTI ID:
- 2499835
- Alternate ID(s):
- OSTI ID: 2468760
- Report Number(s):
- FERMILAB-PUB-24-0614-PPD-TD; 021001
- Journal Information:
- Physical Review Letters, Journal Name: Physical Review Letters Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 134; ISSN 0031-9007; ISSN PRLTAO
- Publisher:
- American Physical SocietyCopyright Statement
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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