Understanding Process–Structure Relationships during Lamination of Halide Perovskite Interfaces

Journal Article · Tue Oct 15 00:00:00 EDT 2024 · ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c12379· OSTI ID:2475425

Lanaghan, Clare L. ^[1]; Okia, Oluka ^[2]; Coons, Thomas ^[2]; Yadavalli, Srinivas K. ^[2]; Palmer, Jack R. ^[3]; Zhang, Mengyao ^[2]; Hersh, Karrer ^[2]; Kodur, Moses ^[3]; Trejo, Orlando ^[2]; Dunfield, Sean P. ^[3]; Thouless, M. D. ^[2]; Fenning, David P. ^[3]; Huan, Xun ^[2]; Dasgupta, Neil P. ^[2]

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1. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
2. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)
3. University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA (United States)

Fabrication of halide perovskite (HP) solar cells typically involves the sequential deposition of multiple layers to create a device stack, which is limited by the thermal and chemical incompatibility of top contact layers with the underlying HP semiconductor. One emerging strategy to overcome these restrictions on material selection and processing conditions is lamination, where two half-stacks are independently processed and then diffusion bonded to complete the device. Lamination reduces the processing constraints on the top side of the solar cell to allow new device designs, expanded use of deposition methods, and self-encapsulation of devices. While laminated perovskite solar cells with high efficiencies and novel interlayer combinations have been demonstrated, there is a limited understanding of how the lamination process parameters affect the diffusion-bond quality and material properties of the resulting HP layer. In this study, we systematically vary temperature, pressure, and time during lamination and quantify the resulting impacts on bonded area, grain domain size, and photoluminescence. A design of experiments is performed, and statistical analysis of the experimental results is used to quantitatively evaluate the resulting process–structure–property relationships. The lamination temperature is found to be the key parameter controlling these properties. Furthermore, a temperature of 150 °C enables successful bonding over 95% of the substrate area and also results in increases in apparent grain domain size and photoluminescence intensity. Based on these insights, the lamination temperature of functional perovskite solar cell devices is varied, demonstrating the importance of the resulting bond quality on device performance metrics.

• Research Organization: University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA (United States)
• Sponsoring Organization: National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program; USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Solar Energy Technologies Office
• Grant/Contract Number: EE0009521
• OSTI ID: 2475425
• Journal Information: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, Journal Name: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces Journal Issue: 43 Vol. 16; ISSN 1944-8244
• Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English

Related Subjects

14 SOLAR ENERGY
Gaussian process modeling
diffusion
grain
interfaces
lamination
layers
manufacturing
materials
perovskite
solar cells