Mixture Effects of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances on Embryonic and Larval Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus)

Tanabe, Philip; Key, Peter B.; Chung, Katy W.; Pisarski, Emily C.; Reiner, Jessica L.; Rodowa, Alix E.; Magnuson, Jason T.; DeLorenzo, Marie E.

doi:10.3390/toxics12010091

Mixture Effects of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances on Embryonic and Larval Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus)

Journal Article · Sat Jan 20 00:00:00 EST 2024 · Toxics

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010091· OSTI ID:2469783

^[1]; ^[1]; ^[1]; Pisarski, Emily C. ^[1]; Reiner, Jessica L. ^[2]; Rodowa, Alix E. ^[3]; ^[4]; DeLorenzo, Marie E. ^[1]

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, SC (United States)
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC (United States)
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD (United States)
U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, MO (United States)

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous and persistent environmental contaminants originating from many everyday products. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are two PFAS that are commonly found at high concentrations in aquatic environments. Both chemicals have previously been shown to be toxic to fish, as well as having complex and largely uncharacterized mixture effects. However, limited information is available on marine and estuarine species. In this study, embryonic and larval sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) were exposed to several PFAS mixtures to assess lethal and sublethal effects. PFOS alone was acutely toxic to larvae, with a 96 h LC50 of 1.97 mg/L (1.64–2.16). PFOS + PFOA resulted in a larval LC₅₀ of 3.10 (2.62–3.79) mg/L, suggesting an antagonistic effect. These observations were supported by significant reductions in malondialdehyde (105% ± 3.25) and increases in reduced glutathione concentrations (43.8% ± 1.78) in PFOS + PFOA exposures compared to PFOS-only treatments, indicating reduced oxidative stress. While PFOA reduced PFOS-induced mortality (97.0% ± 3.03), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) did not. PFOS alone did not affect expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (pparα) but significantly upregulated apolipoprotein A4 (apoa4) (112.4% ± 17.8), a downstream product of pparα, while none of the other individually tested PFAS affected apoa4 expression. These findings suggest that there are antagonistic interactions between PFOA and PFOS that may reduce mixture toxicity in larval sheepshead minnows through reduced oxidative stress. Elucidating mechanisms of toxicity and interactions between PFAS will aid environmental regulation and management of these ubiquitous pollutants.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0014664

OSTI ID:: 2469783

Journal Information:: Toxics, Journal Name: Toxics Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 12; ISSN 2305-6304

Publisher:: MDPICopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Environmental Sciences & Ecology
PFAS
PFOA
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PPARα
Toxicology
mechanism of toxicity
mixtures
oxidative stress

Mixture Effects of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances on Embryonic and Larval Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus)

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