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Large-scale analysis of structural brain asymmetries in schizophrenia via the ENIGMA consortium

Journal Article · · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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  1. Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands; OSTI
  2. Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HZ, The Netherlands
  3. Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
  4. Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
  5. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
  6. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
  7. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; The Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Centers, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY 10468
  8. Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander 39008, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
  9. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
  10. Department of Radiology, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander 39011, Spain; Advanced Computing and e-Science, Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Santander 39005, Spain
  11. Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander 39008, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
  12. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sevilla, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Sevilla 41013, Spain
  13. Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0450, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway; Bjørknes College, Oslo 0456, Norway
  14. Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway
  15. Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0450, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0372, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo 0450, Norway
  16. Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0450, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo 0373, Norway; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm 113 64, Sweden
  17. Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0450, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0372, Norway
  18. Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0450, Norway; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm 113 64, Sweden
  19. Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
  20. School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2033, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney 2031, Australia; Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research in Alcohol, Drugs & Toxicology), Sydney Local Health District, Sydney 2050, Australia; Specialty of Addiction Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
  21. School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia
  22. School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle 2308, Australia
  23. Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4076, Australia
  24. School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2033, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney 2031, Australia
  25. Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle 2308, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle 2305, Australia
  26. Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle 2308, Australia
  27. School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle 2308, Australia
  28. School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle 2308, Australia; PRC for Health Behaviour, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle 2305, Australia
  29. School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle 2308, Australia; Hunter New England Mental Health Service, Newcastle 2305, Australia
  30. Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3053, Australia
  31. School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2033, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney 2031, Australia; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
  32. Early Psychosis Department, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC (location AMC), Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands; Arkin Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam 1033 NN, The Netherlands
  33. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35039, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Marburg 35032, Germany
  34. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35039, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Marburg 35032, Germany; Core-Facility Brainimaging, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35032, Germany
  35. Department of General Psychiatry, Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69115, Germany
  36. Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania & Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
  37. Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106
  38. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; Mental Health Service, Veterans Affairs San Francisco Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA 94121
  39. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
  40. Psychology Department and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303; Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science, Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303
  41. San Francisco VA Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121
  42. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; Long Beach VA Health Care System, Long Beach, CA 90822
  43. Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing 100096, P.R. China
  44. Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing 404188, P.R. China
  45. Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Technische Universität Dresden, University Hospital C.G. Carus, Dresden 01307, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Eating Disorder Treatment and Research Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital C.G. Carus, Dresden 01307, Germany
  46. FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona 08035, Spain; Mental Health Research Networking Center (Ciber del Área de Salud Mental), Madrid 28029, Spain
  47. FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona 08035, Spain; Benito Menni Complex Assistencial en Salut Mental, Barcelona 08830, Spain
  48. Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome 00179, Italy
  49. Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome 00179, Italy; Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
  50. Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229 ER, The Netherlands
  51. Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto M5S 2S1, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5T 1R8, Canada
  52. West Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore 539747, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
  53. Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
  54. Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
  55. Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
  56. Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Clinics (Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken), University of Basel, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
  57. Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Clinics (Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken), University of Basel, Basel 4002, Switzerland
  58. Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
  59. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7505, South Africa; Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
  60. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7505, South Africa
  61. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7505, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa; Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa
  62. Institute for Translational Psychiatry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
  63. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany; Institute for Translational Psychiatry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
  64. Psychology Department and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
  65. The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM 87106
  66. Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70121, Italy
  67. Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70121, Italy
  68. Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70121, Italy; Psychiatry Unit, Bari University Hospital, Bari 70121, Italy
  69. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid 28009, Spain; Ciber del Área de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid 28009, Spain; School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28040, Spain
  70. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid 28009, Spain; Ciber del Área de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid 28009, Spain
  71. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid 28009, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid 28009, Spain
  72. Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Multimodal Analysis, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow 115522, Russian Federation
  73. Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm 113 64, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
  74. Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm 113 64, Sweden; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden
  75. Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (PUK), Zurich 8008, Switzerland
  76. Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (PUK), Zurich 8008, Switzerland; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
  77. Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (PUK), Zurich 8008, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Division of Adult Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
  78. National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany 250 67, Czech Republic; Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax B3H 2E2, Canada
  79. National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany 250 67, Czech Republic; MR Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague 140 21, Czech Republic
  80. National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany 250 67, Czech Republic
  81. Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
  82. Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
  83. Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
  84. Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
  85. Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60528, Germany
  86. Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01187, Germany
  87. Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa; Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa
  88. Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa; Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa; SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
  89. Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa
  90. Department of Psychiatry, Research Group in Psychiatry (GIPSI), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
  91. Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (PUK), Zurich 8008, Switzerland; Experimental Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland
  92. Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (PUK), Zurich 8008, Switzerland; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030; Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY 11004; Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Northwell/Hofstra, New York, NY 11549
  93. Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
  94. Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands
  95. Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT 06102
  96. Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania & Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
  97. Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
  98. School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala 752 37, Sweden; Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
  99. Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia
  100. Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
  101. Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands
+ Show Author Affiliations

Left–right asymmetry is an important organizing feature of the healthy brain that may be altered in schizophrenia, but most studies have used relatively small samples and heterogeneous approaches, resulting in equivocal findings. We carried out the largest case–control study of structural brain asymmetries in schizophrenia, with MRI data from 5,080 affected individuals and 6,015 controls across 46 datasets, using a single image analysis protocol. Asymmetry indexes were calculated for global and regional cortical thickness, surface area, and subcortical volume measures. Differences of asymmetry were calculated between affected individuals and controls per dataset, and effect sizes were meta-analyzed across datasets. Small average case–control differences were observed for thickness asymmetries of the rostral anterior cingulate and the middle temporal gyrus, both driven by thinner left-hemispheric cortices in schizophrenia. Analyses of these asymmetries with respect to the use of antipsychotic medication and other clinical variables did not show any significant associations. Assessment of age- and sex-specific effects revealed a stronger average leftward asymmetry of pallidum volume between older cases and controls. Case–control differences in a multivariate context were assessed in a subset of the data (N = 2,029), which revealed that 7% of the variance across all structural asymmetries was explained by case–control status. Subtle case–control differences of brain macrostructural asymmetry may reflect differences at the molecular, cytoarchitectonic, or circuit levels that have functional relevance for the disorder. Reduced left middle temporal cortical thickness is consistent with altered left-hemisphere language network organization in schizophrenia.

Research Organization:
Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States). MIND Institute
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC)
Contributing Organization:
The ENIGMA Consortium
Grant/Contract Number:
FG02-99ER62764
OSTI ID:
2422445
Journal Information:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Journal Name: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Journal Issue: 14 Vol. 120; ISSN 0027-8424
Publisher:
National Academy of SciencesCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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Analysis of structural brain asymmetries in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 39 datasets journal March 2021
Exploring human brain lateralization with molecular genetics and genomics journal May 2015
Asymmetry of fetal cerebral hemispheres: in utero ultrasound study journal November 2001
A Surface-based Analysis of Language Lateralization and Cortical Asymmetry journal September 2013
Abnormalities of Thalamic Volume and Shape in Schizophrenia journal May 2004
No Alterations of Brain Structural Asymmetry in Major Depressive Disorder: An ENIGMA Consortium Analysis journal December 2019
Cerebral Asymmetry in Schizophrenia journal April 2011
Handedness, language lateralisation and anatomical asymmetry in schizophrenia journal April 2001
Excess of non-right-handedness in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of gender effects and potential biases in handedness assessment journal October 2014
Mapping Human Cortical AreasIn VivoBased on Myelin Content as Revealed by T1- and T2-Weighted MRI journal August 2011
Conducting Meta-Analyses in R with the metafor Package journal January 2010
New Effect Size Rules of Thumb journal November 2009
Abnormal Asymmetry of Brain Connectivity in Schizophrenia journal December 2014
Asymmetry in the Central Nervous System: A Clinical Neuroscience Perspective journal December 2021
A connectional hub in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex links areas of emotion and cognitive control journal June 2019

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Related Subjects

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES
Asymmetry
Brain imaging
Cortical
Schizophrenia
Science & Technology - Other Topics
Subcortical