Recent and future developments in pultrusion technology with consideration for curved geometries: A review

Talabi, Segun Isaac; Tobin, Jim; Strom, Benjamin; Brownstein, Ian; Kunc, Vlastimil; Hassen, Ahmed Arabi

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111678

Recent and future developments in pultrusion technology with consideration for curved geometries: A review

Journal Article · Tue Jul 02 00:00:00 EDT 2024 · Composites. Part B, Engineering

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111678· OSTI ID:2397444

^[1]; Tobin, Jim ^[1]; Strom, Benjamin ^[2]; Brownstein, Ian ^[2]; ^[1]; ^[1]

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
XFlow Energy Company, Seattle, WA (United States)

Herein this paper examined the current state and future developments in pultrusion with particular emphasis on its application in curved part manufacturing. The relationship between factors such as resin chemistry, fiber characteristics, and die geometry that influences the properties of pultruded product were highlighted. Moreover, the specific challenges associated with pultruding curved parts such as the complexities in achieving uniformity and structural integrity in such geometries were discussed. The review emphasized mold design, process improvement, adaptive control systems for precise resin impregnation and material selection to address these challenges. Additionally, the paper suggests the integration of real-time monitoring and data analytics as ways to enhance quality control during curved parts pultrusion. These advancements will help to overcome challenges specific to curved pultrusion and make the process more efficient. Other manufacturing techniques such as filament winding, thermoforming, pulforming were mentioned as alternatives to curved parts pultrusion. The review also explores pultruded variable curvature processes, highlighting some notable patents and article related to this subject matter. Production of pultruded variable curvature parts was seen as a key driver that can shape the future of pultrusion. Finally, the paper anticipates future trends, with sustainability, customization, integration of advanced materials, and development of techniques for pultrusion of composites parts.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 2397444

Journal Information:: Composites. Part B, Engineering, Journal Name: Composites. Part B, Engineering Vol. 283; ISSN 1359-8368

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (96)

Simultaneous optimization of die‐heating and pull‐speed in pultrusion of thermosetting composites Jianhua Li, Y. C. Lam; Joshi, Sunil C. Polymer Composites, Vol. 24, Issue 1, p. 199-209 https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.10020	journal	February 2003
Fiber reinforced nylon‐6 composites produced by the reaction injection pultrusion process Cho, Bong‐Gyoo; McCarthy, Stephen P.; Fanucci, Jerome P. Polymer Composites, Vol. 17, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.10659	journal	October 1996
Effect of different fiber loadings and sizes on pultruded kenaf fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester composites Zamri, Mohd Hafiz; Md Akil, Hazizan; Mohd Ishak, Z. A. Polymer Composites, Vol. 36, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.23025	journal	April 2014
Fiber damage and impregnation during multi‐die vacuum assisted pultrusion of carbon/PEEK hybrid yarns Lapointe, Felix; Laberge Lebel, Louis Polymer Composites, Vol. 40, Issue S2 https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.24788	journal	February 2018
An overview on current manufacturing technologies: Processing continuous rovings impregnated with thermoset resin Arrabiyeh, Peter A.; May, David; Eckrich, Maximilian Polymer Composites, Vol. 42, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.26274	journal	September 2021
Reaction injection pultrusion of thermoplastic and thermoset composites Dubé, M. G.; Batch, G. L.; Vogel, J. G. Polymer Composites, Vol. 16, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.750160506	journal	October 1995
An assessment on effect of process parameters on pull force during pultrusion Mukherji, Arindam; Njuguna, James The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 121, Issue 5-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-09221-0	journal	June 2022
Effect of Resin Viscosity in Fiber Reinforcement Compaction in Resin Injection Pultrusion Process Shakya, N.; Roux, J. A.; Jeswani, A. L. Applied Composite Materials, Vol. 20, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-013-9320-0	journal	June 2013
Optimization of initiator and activator for reactive thermoplastic pultrusion Chen, Ke; Jia, Mingyin; Hua, Sun Journal of Polymer Research, Vol. 26, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-019-1708-6	journal	January 2019
Real-Time Characterization of Pultrusion Processes with a Temperature Control Barkanov, E.; Akishin, P.; Namsone, E. Mechanics of Composite Materials, Vol. 56, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11029-020-09868-4	journal	May 2020
Pultrusion of a vertical axis wind turbine blade part-I: 3D thermo-chemical process simulation Baran, Ismet; Tutum, Cem C.; Hattel, Jesper H. International Journal of Material Forming, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-014-1179-6	journal	May 2014
Mechanical characterization of pultruded GFRP channel, wide flange and rectangular hollow profiles Haloi, Jyotirmoy; Borsaikia, Arun Chandra; Singh, Konjengbam Darunkumar Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00501-4	journal	October 2021
Investigation of the influence of multiple thermoforming processes on the properties of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastics to enable structural reuse von Freeden, Justus; Rodenwaldt, Ben; Nebel, Daniel SN Applied Sciences, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05273-3	journal	January 2023
Flexural properties of pultruded carbon/PEEK composites as a function of processing history Åström, B. T.; Larsson, P. H.; Hepola, P. J. Composites, Vol. 25, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-4361(94)90142-2	journal	September 1994
Orthogonal cutting mechanisms of graphite/epoxy composite. Part I: unidirectional laminate Wang, D. H.; Ramulu, M.; Arola, D. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 35, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/0890-6955(95)00014-O	journal	December 1995
Processing and properties of pultruded thermoplastic composites (I) Ma, Chen-Chi M.; Yn, Mong-Song; Chen, Chin-Hsing Composites Manufacturing, Vol. 1, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-7143(90)90167-U	journal	September 1990
The impact of pultrusion processing parameters on resin pressure rise inside a tapered cylindrical die for glass-fibre/epoxy composites Gadam, S. U. K.; Roux, J. A.; McCarty, T. A. Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 60, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(99)00181-5	journal	May 2000
Bent pultrusion—a method for the manufacture of pultrudate with controlled variation in curvature Britnell, D. J.; Tucker, N.; Smith, G. F. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 138, Issue 1-3, p. 311-315 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00091-8	journal	July 2003
Challenges for composites into the next millennium — a reinforcement perspective Bannister, Michael Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol. 32, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(01)00008-2	journal	July 2001
Experimental and numerical study of the effect of cure cycle, tool surface, geometry, and lay-up on the dimensional fidelity of autoclave-processed composite parts Fernlund, G.; Rahman, N.; Courdji, R. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol. 33, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(01)00123-3	journal	March 2002
Investigation of the pressure behavior in a pultrusion die for graphite/epoxy composites Raper, K. S.; Roux, J. A.; McCarty, T. A. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol. 30, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(98)00196-1	journal	September 1999
Role of sizing agent on the microstructure morphology and mechanical properties of mineral-impregnated carbon-fiber (MCF) reinforcement made with geopolymers Zhao, Jitong; Liebscher, Marco; Tzounis, Lazaros Applied Surface Science, Vol. 567 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.150740	journal	November 2021
Manufacturing and mechanical properties of soy-based composites using pultrusion Zhu, J.; Chandrashekhara, K.; Flanigan, V. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol. 35, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2003.08.007	journal	January 2004
Materials modelling and process simulation of the pultrusion of curved parts Struzziero, G.; Maistros, G. M.; Hartley, J. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol. 144 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106328	journal	May 2021
Formation of non-uniform fibre distributions in winding-pultrusion process and its effect on axial compressive properties of hollow GFRP profiles Qi, Songming; Alajarmeh, Omar; Shelley, Tristan Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol. 173 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2023.107659	journal	October 2023
Optimising the energy consumption on pultrusion process Silva, F. J. G.; Ferreira, F.; Ribeiro, M. C. S. Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 57 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.09.035	journal	February 2014
Material characterization of a polyester resin system for the pultrusion process Baran, Ismet; Akkerman, Remko; Hattel, Jesper H. Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 64 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.04.030	journal	August 2014
Investigation of process induced warpage for pultrusion of a rectangular hollow profile Baran, Ismet; Hattel, Jesper H.; Akkerman, Remko Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 68 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.07.032	journal	January 2015
Out of die ultraviolet cured pultrusion for automotive crash structures Tena, I.; Esnaola, A.; Sarrionandia, M. Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 79 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.04.044	journal	September 2015
Response of pultruded glass composite box beams under bending and shear Estep, Daniel D.; GangaRao, Hota V. S.; Dittenber, David B. Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 88 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.11.008	journal	March 2016
The effect of process parameters on ultraviolet cured out of die bent pultrusion process Tena, I.; Sarrionandia, M.; Torre, J. Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 89 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.11.027	journal	March 2016
A comprehensive review on mechanical properties of pultruded FRP composites subjected to long-term environmental effects Liu, TianQiao; Liu, Xing; Feng, Peng Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 191 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.107958	journal	June 2020
Material characterization of a pultrusion specific and highly reactive polyurethane resin system: Elastic modulus, rheology, and reaction kinetics Yuksel, Onur; Sandberg, Michael; Baran, Ismet Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 207 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108543	journal	February 2021
Steady-state modelling and analysis of process-induced stress and deformation in thermoset pultrusion processes Sandberg, Michael; Yuksel, Onur; Baran, Ismet Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 216 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108812	journal	July 2021
Pultrusion of large thermoplastic composite profiles up to Ø 40 mm from glass-fibre/PET commingled yarns Volk, Maximilian; Wong, Joanna; Arreguin, Shelly Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 227 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109339	journal	December 2021
Thermoforming process effects on structural performance of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite parts through a manufacturing to response pathway Limaye, Madhura; Pradeep, Sai Aditya; Kothari, Anmol Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 235 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.109728	journal	April 2022
Cost-efficient, automated, and sustainable composite profile manufacture: A review of the state of the art, innovations, and future of pultrusion technologies Volk, Maximilian; Yuksel, Onur; Baran, Ismet Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 246 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110135	journal	November 2022
A model of multi-die thermoplastic pultrusion Lessard, F.; Dubé, M.; Laberge Lebel, L. Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 247 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110319	journal	December 2022
Fibre volume fraction screening of pultruded carbon fibre reinforced polymer panels based on analysis of anisotropic ultrasonic sound velocity Duernberger, Euan; MacLeod, Charles; Lines, Dave Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 254 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.110577	journal	April 2023
Pultruded carbon fibre reinforced polymer strips produced with a novel bio-based thermoset polyester for structural strengthening Hofmann, Mateus; Machado, Marina; Shahid, Abu Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 234 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2023.109936	journal	March 2023
Testing and analysis of pultruded GFRP continuous beams for the deflection serviceability limit state Turvey, Geoffrey John Composite Structures, Vol. 141 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.01.055	journal	May 2016
Bilinear softening model and double K fracture criterion for quasi-brittle fracture of pultruded FRP composites Liu, Wen; Feng, Peng; Huang, Jiankun Composite Structures, Vol. 160 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.10.134	journal	January 2017
Investigation of transverse residual stresses in a thick pultruded composite using digital image correlation with hole drilling Yuksel, Onur; Baran, Ismet; Ersoy, Nuri Composite Structures, Vol. 223 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.110954	journal	September 2019
Effects of pulling speed on structural performance of L-shaped pultruded profiles Vedernikov, Alexander; Tucci, Fausto; Carlone, Pierpaolo Composite Structures, Vol. 255 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112967	journal	January 2021
Developing an innovative curved-pultruded large-scale GFRP arch beam Liu, TianQiao; Feng, Peng; Wu, Yuwei Composite Structures, Vol. 256 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.113111	journal	January 2021
Effects of high pulling speeds on mechanical properties and morphology of pultruded GFRP composite flat laminates Vedernikov, Alexander; Gemi, Lokman; Madenci, Emrah Composite Structures, Vol. 301 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.116216	journal	December 2022
Effects of thermal expansion coefficients discrepancy on the CFRP and steel bonding Wang, Zhen; Xian, Guijun Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 269 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121356	journal	February 2021
Mechanical Properties of Jute Spun Yarn/PLA Tubular Braided Composite by Pultrusion Molding Memon, Anin; Nakai, Asami Energy Procedia, Vol. 34 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.818	journal	January 2013
Mechanical properties of pultruded carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates at elevated temperatures Wang, Ke; Young, Ben; Smith, Scott T. Engineering Structures, Vol. 33, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.03.006	journal	July 2011
Flexural performance of curved-pultruded GFRP arch beams subjected to varying boundary conditions Liu, TianQiao; Feng, Peng; Bai, Yulei Engineering Structures, Vol. 308 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.117962	journal	June 2024
Biorenewable thermosetting copolymer based on soybean oil and eugenol Liu, Kunwei; Madbouly, Samy A.; Kessler, Michael R. European Polymer Journal, Vol. 69 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.05.021	journal	August 2015
An integrated recycling approach for GFRP pultrusion wastes: recycling and reuse assessment into new composite materials using Fuzzy Boolean Nets Meira Castro, Ana C.; Carvalho, Joao P.; Ribeiro, Maria C. S. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 66 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.10.030	journal	March 2014
Thermoformable and recyclable CFRP pultruded profile manufactured from an epoxy vitrimer Aranberri, Ibon; Landa, Maite; Elorza, Edurne Polymer Testing, Vol. 93 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106931	journal	January 2021
Investigation on the Shape Distortions of Pultruded Profiles at Different Pulling Speed Vedernikov, Alexander; Tucci, Fausto; Safonov, Alexander Procedia Manufacturing, Vol. 47 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.107	journal	January 2020
Effect of Additives on Cure Kinetics of Pultrusion Resins Nasonov, Yaroslav; Safonov, Alexander; Gusev, Sergey Procedia Manufacturing, Vol. 47 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.283	journal	January 2020
Progress and Trends in Damage Detection Methods, Maintenance, and Data-driven Monitoring of Wind Turbine Blades – A Review Kong, Kyungil; Dyer, Kirsten; Payne, Christopher Renewable Energy Focus, Vol. 44, p. 390-412 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2022.08.005	journal	March 2023
Compressive behaviour of hollow box pultruded FRP columns with continuous-wound fibres Alajarmeh, Omar; Zeng, Xuesen; Aravinthan, Thiru Thin-Walled Structures, Vol. 168 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2021.108300	journal	November 2021
Pultruded Carbon Fiber/Vinyl Ester Composites Processed with Different Fiber Sizing Agents. Part I: Processing and Static Mechanical Performance Broyles, N. S.; Verghese, K. N.; Davis, R. M. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 17, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2005)17:3(320)	journal	June 2005
Pultruded Carbon Fiber/Vinyl Ester Composites Processed with Different Fiber Sizing Agents. Part III: Theoretical Aspects Verghese, K. N.; Broyles, N. S.; Case, S. W. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 17, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2005)17:3(343)	journal	June 2005
Analysis of the local fiber volume fraction variation in pultrusion process Baran, Ismet AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5008016	conference	January 2017
Short-beam shear fatigue behavior of round curved pultruded composite Tonatto, Maikson L. P.; Tarpani, José Ricardo; Amico, Sandro C. Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, Vol. 29, Issue 26, p. 5579-5587 https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2021.1959968	journal	August 2021
Plant Fiber Reinforcements as Alternatives in Pultruded FRP Composites Manufacturing: A Review Balakrishnan, Thinesh Sharma; Sultan, Mohamed Thariq Hameed; Shahar, Farah Syazwani Journal of Natural Fibers, Vol. 21, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2023.2298396	journal	January 2024
Design and Implementation of Asymmetric Extrusion Die Using Bezier Technique Bedan, Aqeel Sabree; Mansor, Khalida kadhim; Anwer, Kany Kamaran IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 881, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/881/1/012052	journal	July 2020
Multi-response optimization of the mechanical properties of pultruded glass fiber composite using optimized hybrid filler composition by the gray relation grade analysis Gupta, Anurag; Vaishya, Rahul; Khan, K. L. A. Materials Research Express, Vol. 6, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab56f2	journal	November 2019
Computational Approaches for Modeling the Multiphysics in Pultrusion Process Carlone, P.; Baran, I.; Hattel, J. H. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 5 https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/301875	journal	January 2013
Properties of natural fiber composites made by pultrusion process Peng, Xi; Fan, Mizi; Hartley, John Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 46, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998311410474	journal	August 2011
Effect of water absorption on pultruded jute/glass fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester hybrid composites Zamri, Mohd Hafiz; Akil, Hazizan Md; Bakar, Azhar Abu Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 46, Issue 1, p. 51-61 https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998311410488	journal	September 2011
Influence of micro and nanofillers on mechanical properties of pultruded unidirectional glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite systems Manjunath, M.; Renukappa, Nm; Suresha, B. Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 50, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998315588623	journal	June 2015
Behaviour of hollow pultruded GFRP square beams with different shear span-to-depth ratios Muttashar, Majid; Karunasena, Warna; Manalo, Allan Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 50, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998315614993	journal	July 2016
A modified pultrusion process Irfan, Muhammad S.; Shotton-Gale, Nicholas; Paget, Mark A. Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 51, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998316666653	journal	September 2016
Composite spirals and rings under flexural loading: Experimental and numerical analysis Tonatto, Maikson LP; Tita, Volnei; Amico, Sandro C. Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 54, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998320902504	journal	January 2020
Pultruded materials and structures: A review Vedernikov, Alexander; Safonov, Alexander; Tucci, Fausto Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 54, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998320922894	journal	May 2020
On-site evaluation of a modified pultrusion process: Fibre spreading and resin injection-based impregnation Irfan, Ms; Harris, D.; Paget, Ma Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 55, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998320943268	journal	July 2020
Effects of additives on the cure kinetics of vinyl ester pultrusion resins Vedernikov, Alexander; Nasonov, Yaroslav; Korotkov, Roman Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 55, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983211001528	journal	March 2021
Die-Less Forming of Large and Variable-Radii of Curvature in Continuous-Fiber Thermoplastic-Matrix Composite Materials Gertner, Yosef; Miller, Alan K. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1177/089270579600900204	journal	April 1996
Pultrusion of Micro-Braided GF/PA6 Yarn Bechtold, G.; Sakaguchi, M.; Friedrich, K. Advanced Composites Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1177/096369359900800605	journal	November 1999
Innovating arch structures with fiber-reinforced polymer composites: A review Xia, Z. Y.; Jiang, T.; Yu, T. Advances in Structural Engineering, Vol. 26, Issue 13, p. 2341-2358 https://doi.org/10.1177/13694332231180373	journal	June 2023
Influence of CaCO3 in pultruded glass fiber/unsaturated polyester resin composite on flexural creep behavior using conventional and time-temperature superposition principle methods Johari, A. N.; Ishak, M. R.; Leman, Z. Polimery, Vol. 65, Issue 11/12 https://doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2020.11.6	journal	November 2020
Processing and Evaluation of a Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite Bar Using a Closed Impregnation Pultrusion System with Improved Production Speed Kang, Byungsoo; Lee, Changki; Kim, Seung-Mo Applied Sciences, Vol. 12, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3390/app12104906	journal	May 2022
Imperfection Sensitivity Detection in Pultruded Columns Using Machine Learning and Synthetic Data Tzimas, Michail; Barbero, Ever J. Buildings, Vol. 14, Issue 4, p. 1128 https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041128	journal	April 2024
Mechanical Response and Fracture of Pultruded Carbon Fiber/Epoxy in Various Modes of Loading Bussiba, Arie; Gilad, Ilan; Lugassi, Snir Crystals, Vol. 12, Issue 6, p. 850 https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12060850	journal	June 2022
Characterization Specifications for FRP Pultruded Materials: From Constituents to Pultruded Profiles Harati Khalilabad, Ehsan; Ruiz Emparanza, Alvaro; De Caso, Francisco Fibers, Vol. 11, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11110093	journal	November 2023
Proof of Concept for Pultrusion Control by Cure Monitoring Using Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy Pommer, Christian; Sinapius, Michael Journal of Composites Science, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030115	journal	August 2020
Development of a Pultrusion Die for the Production of Thermoplastic Composite Filaments to Be Used in Additive Manufacture Ferreira, Filipe; Fernandes, Pedro; Correia, Nuno Journal of Composites Science, Vol. 5, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5050120	journal	May 2021
Pultruded GFRP Reinforcing Bars Using Nanomodified Vinyl Ester Vemuganti, Shreya; Chennareddy, Rahulreddy; Riad, Amr Materials, Vol. 13, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245710	journal	December 2020
PPESK-Modified Multi-Functional Epoxy Resin and Its Application to the Pultrusion of Carbon Fiber Wang, Liwei; Wang, Jinyan; Zhang, Fengfeng Polymers, Vol. 10, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10101067	journal	September 2018
Thermoplastic Pultrusion: A Review Minchenkov, Kirill; Vedernikov, Alexander; Safonov, Alexander Polymers, Vol. 13, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13020180	journal	January 2021
Numerical Simulation of Impregnation Process of Reactive Injection Pultrusion for Glass Fiber/PA6 Composites Ding, Xueliang; He, Quanguo; Yang, Qun Polymers, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14040666	journal	February 2022
Prediction of Fracture Toughness of Pultruded Composites Based on Supervised Machine Learning Karamov, Radmir; Akhatov, Iskander; Sergeichev, Ivan V. Polymers, Vol. 14, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14173619	journal	September 2022
Different Production Processes for Thermoplastic Composite Materials: Sustainability versus Mechanical Properties and Processes Parameter Valente, Marco; Rossitti, Ilaria; Sambucci, Matteo Polymers, Vol. 15, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15010242	journal	January 2023
Effects of Additives on the Mechanical and Fire Resistance Properties of Pultruded Composites Romanovskaia, Natalia; Minchenkov, Kirill; Gusev, Sergey Polymers, Vol. 15, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15173581	journal	August 2023
Characterisation of Curing of Vinyl Ester Resin in an Industrial Pultrusion Process: Influence of Die Temperature Chaparala, Sai Ajay Chandra; Alajarmeh, Omar; Shelley, Tristan Polymers, Vol. 15, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15183808	journal	September 2023
Effects of Process Parameters in Thermoforming of Unidirectional Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastics Winhard, Johannes; Nestler, Daisy; Kroll, Lothar Polymers, Vol. 16, Issue 2, p. 221 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16020221	journal	January 2024
Pulse Ultrasonic Cure Monitoring of the Pultrusion Process Scholle, Patrick; Sinapius, Michael Sensors, Vol. 18, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3390/s18103332	journal	October 2018
Bio-Pultrusion of Façade-Profiles from Sustainable Materials Witt, Martin Uwe; Milwich, Markus; Gresser, Götz T. Materials Science Forum, Vol. 825-826 https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.825-826.1033	journal	July 2015
The resistance to UV radiation for GFRP pultruded bridge panels Stankiewicz, Beata Advanced Materials Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2022.031699	journal	July 2022