Phenological control of vegetation biophysical feedbacks to the regional climate

Yu, Lingxue; Liu, Ye; Yan, Fengqin; Lu, Lijie; Li, Xuan; Zhang, Shuwen; Yang, Jiuchun

doi:10.1016/j.geosus.2024.05.005

Phenological control of vegetation biophysical feedbacks to the regional climate

Journal Article · Wed Jul 02 00:00:00 EDT 2025 · Geography and Sustainability (Online)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geosus.2024.05.005· OSTI ID:2387003

^[1]; ^[2]; Yan, Fengqin ^[1]; Lu, Lijie ^[1]; Li, Xuan ^[1]; Zhang, Shuwen ^[1]; ^[1]

Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (China)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)

Phenology shifts influence regional climate by altering energy, and water fluxes through biophysical processes. However, a quantitative understanding of the phenological control on vegetation’s biophysical feedbacks to regional climate remains elusive. Using long-term remote sensing observations and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations, we investigated vegetation phenology changes from 2003 to 2020 and quantified their biophysical controls on the regional climate in Northeast China. Our findings elucidated that earlier green-up contributed to a prolonged growing season in forests, while advanced green-up and delayed dormancy extended the growing season in croplands. This prolonged presence and increased maximum green cover intensified climate-vegetation interactions, resulting in more significant surface cooling in croplands compared to forests. Surface cooling from forest phenology changes was prominent during May’s green-up (-0.53 ± 0.07 °C), while crop phenology changes induced cooling throughout the growing season, particularly in June (-0.47 ± 0.15 °C), July (-0.48 ± 0.11 °C), and September (-0.28 ± 0.09 °C). Furthermore, we unraveled the contributions of different biophysical pathways to temperature feedback using a two-resistance attribution model, with aerodynamic resistance emerging as the dominant factor. Crucially, our findings underscored that the land surface temperature (LST) sensitivity, exhibited substantially higher values in croplands rather than temperate forests. These strong sensitivities, coupled with the projected continuation of phenology shifts, portend further growing season cooling in croplands. These findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the intricate feedback mechanisms between vegetation phenology and surface temperature, emphasizing the significance of vegetation phenology dynamics in shaping regional climate pattern and seasonality.

View Journal Article

Research Organization:: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-76RL01830

OSTI ID:: 2387003

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 2507051

Report Number(s):: PNNL-SA--207884

Journal Information:: Geography and Sustainability (Online), Journal Name: Geography and Sustainability (Online) Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 6; ISSN 2666-6839

Publisher:: Elsevier; Beijing Normal UniversityCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (81)

Attribution of surface temperature anomalies induced by land use and land cover changes: Attribution of Temperature Anomalies Rigden, Angela J.; Li, Dan Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 44, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073811	journal	July 2017
Europe's 2003 heat wave: a satellite view of impacts and land–atmosphere feedbacks Zaitchik, Benjamin F.; Macalady, Alison K.; Bonneau, Laurent R. International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 26, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1280	journal	January 2006
Spatial patterns and driving forces of land use change in China during the early 21st century Liu, Jiyuan; Zhang, Zengxiang; Xu, Xinliang Journal of Geographical Sciences, Vol. 20, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-010-0483-4	journal	June 2010
Spatiotemporal characteristics, patterns, and causes of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s Liu, Jiyuan; Kuang, Wenhui; Zhang, Zengxiang Journal of Geographical Sciences, Vol. 24, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-014-1082-6	journal	January 2014
Land use changes in Northeast China driven by human activities and climatic variation Wang, Zongming; Liu, Zhiming; Song, Kaishan Chinese Geographical Science, Vol. 19, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-009-0225-7	journal	August 2009
Cropland expansion delays vegetation spring phenology according to satellite and in-situ observations Zhao, Guosong; Dong, Jinwei; Yang, Jilin Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Vol. 356 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2023.108651	journal	October 2023
Climate change, phenology, and phenological control of vegetation feedbacks to the climate system Richardson, Andrew D.; Keenan, Trevor F.; Migliavacca, Mirco Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 169 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.09.012	journal	February 2013
Spring vegetation green-up dynamics in Central Europe based on 20-year long MODIS NDVI data Kern, Anikó; Marjanović, Hrvoje; Barcza, Zoltán Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 287 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.107969	journal	June 2020
Impact of recent vegetation greening on temperature and precipitation over China Yu, Lingxue; Liu, Ye; Liu, Tingxiang Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 295 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108197	journal	December 2020
Asymmetric daytime and nighttime surface temperature feedback induced by crop greening across Northeast China Yu, Lingxue; Liu, Ye; Yang, Jiuchun Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 325 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.109136	journal	October 2022
A review on regional dynamical downscaling in intraseasonal to seasonal simulation/prediction and major factors that affect downscaling ability Xue, Yongkang; Janjic, Zavisa; Dudhia, Jimy Atmospheric Research, Vol. 147-148 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.05.001	journal	October 2014
Coupling localized Noah-MP-Crop model with the WRF model improved dynamic crop growth simulation across Northeast China Yu, Lingxue; Liu, Ye; Liu, Tingxiang Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Vol. 201 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2022.107323	journal	October 2022
Soil temperature mitigation due to vegetation biophysical feedbacks Yu, Lingxue; Liu, Ye; Bu, Kun Global and Planetary Change, Vol. 218 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2022.103971	journal	November 2022
Increased background precipitation masks the moisture deficit caused by crop greening in Northeast China Yu, Lingxue; Li, Xuan; Bu, Kun Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 623 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129857	journal	August 2023
Remote sensing of spring phenology in northeastern forests: A comparison of methods, field metrics and sources of uncertainty White, Katharine; Pontius, Jennifer; Schaberg, Paul Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 148 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.03.017	journal	May 2014
Vegetation greening in China and its effect on summer regional climate Yu, Lingxue; Xue, Yongkang; Diallo, Ismaila Science Bulletin, Vol. 66, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2020.09.003	journal	January 2021
Thermal and moisture response to land surface changes across different ecosystems over Heilong-Amur River Basin Liu, Tingxiang; Yu, Lingxue; Bu, Kun Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 818 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151799	journal	April 2022
Vegetation-induced asymmetric diurnal land surface temperatures changes across global climate zones Yu, Lingxue; Liu, Ye; Li, Xuan Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 896 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165255	journal	October 2023
Increase in vegetation greenness and decrease in springtime warming over east Asia: VEGETATION WEAKEN REGIONAL WARMING Jeong, Su-Jong; Ho, Chang-Hoi; Jeong, Jee-Hoon Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 36, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036583	journal	January 2009
Reduction of spring warming over East Asia associated with vegetation feedback Jeong, Su-Jong; Ho, Chang-Hoi; Kim, Kwang-Yul Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 36, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039114	journal	January 2009
The community Noah land surface model with multiparameterization options (Noah-MP): 1. Model description and evaluation with local-scale measurements Niu, Guo-Yue; Yang, Zong-Liang; Mitchell, Kenneth E. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 116, Issue D12 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015139	journal	January 2011
Effects of interactive vegetation phenology on the 2003 summer heat waves: EFFECTS OF PHENOLOGY ON HEAT WAVES Stéfanon, Marc; Drobinski, Philippe; D'Andrea, Fabio Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 117, Issue D24 https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018187	journal	December 2012
Impacts of Wetland Reclamation and Paddy Field Expansion on Observed Local Temperature Trends in the Sanjiang Plain of China Liu, Tingxiang; Yu, Lingxue; Zhang, Shuwen Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, Vol. 124, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JF004846	journal	February 2019
Warming‐Induced Earlier Greenup Leads to Reduced Stream Discharge in a Temperate Mixed Forest Catchment Kim, Ji Hyun; Hwang, Taehee; Yang, Yun Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 123, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004438	journal	June 2018
Land Surface Temperature Sensitivity to Changes in Vegetation Phenology Over Northern Deciduous Forests Park, Chang‐Eui; Jeong, Sujong Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 128, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JG007498	journal	November 2023
Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991 Myneni, R. B.; Keeling, C. D.; Tucker, C. J. Nature, Vol. 386, Issue 6626 https://doi.org/10.1038/386698a0	journal	April 1997
Ecological responses to recent climate change Walther, Gian-Reto; Post, Eric; Convey, Peter Nature, Vol. 416, Issue 6879 https://doi.org/10.1038/416389a	journal	March 2002
Greening of the Earth and its drivers Zhu, Zaichun; Piao, Shilong; Myneni, Ranga B. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3004	journal	April 2016
Local temperature response to land cover and management change driven by non-radiative processes Bright, Ryan M.; Davin, Edouard; O’Halloran, Thomas Nature Climate Change, Vol. 7, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3250	journal	March 2017
Weakening temperature control on the interannual variations of spring carbon uptake across northern lands Piao, Shilong; Liu, Zhuo; Wang, Tao Nature Climate Change, Vol. 7, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3277	journal	April 2017
Climate mitigation from vegetation biophysical feedbacks during the past three decades Zeng, Zhenzhong; Piao, Shilong; Li, Laurent Z. X. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 7, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3299	journal	May 2017
Leaf onset in the northern hemisphere triggered by daytime temperature Piao, Shilong; Tan, Jianguang; Chen, Anping Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7911	journal	April 2015
Biophysical impacts of northern vegetation changes on seasonal warming patterns Lian, Xu; Jeong, Sujong; Park, Chang-Eui Nature Communications, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31671-z	journal	July 2022
Global crop yields can be lifted by timely adaptation of growing periods to climate change Minoli, Sara; Jägermeyr, Jonas; Asseng, Senthold Nature Communications, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34411-5	journal	November 2022
Contrasting responses of autumn-leaf senescence to daytime and night-time warming Wu, Chaoyang; Wang, Xiaoyue; Wang, Huanjiong Nature Climate Change, Vol. 8, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0346-z	journal	November 2018
Earlier leaf-out warms air in the north Xu, Xiyan; Riley, William J.; Koven, Charles D. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0713-4	journal	February 2020
Increased control of vegetation on global terrestrial energy fluxes Forzieri, Giovanni; Miralles, Diego G.; Ciais, Philippe Nature Climate Change, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0717-0	journal	March 2020
Increased drought effects on the phenology of autumn leaf senescence Wu, Chaoyang; Peng, Jie; Ciais, Philippe Nature Climate Change, Vol. 12, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01464-9	journal	September 2022
Widespread spring phenology effects on drought recovery of Northern Hemisphere ecosystems Li, Yang; Zhang, Wen; Schwalm, Christopher R. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 13, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01584-2	journal	January 2023
Phenology and the city Zohner, Constantin M. Nature Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 3, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-1043-7	journal	November 2019
Emerging signals of declining forest resilience under climate change Forzieri, Giovanni; Dakos, Vasilis; McDowell, Nate G. Nature, Vol. 608, Issue 7923 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04959-9	journal	July 2022
The 10-m crop type maps in Northeast China during 2017–2019 You, Nanshan; Dong, Jinwei; Huang, Jianxi Scientific Data, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00827-9	journal	February 2021
Monitoring the long term vegetation phenology change in Northeast China from 1982 to 2015 Yu, Lingxue; Liu, Tingxiang; Bu, Kun Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14918-4	journal	November 2017
China and India lead in greening of the world through land-use management Chen, Chi; Park, Taejin; Wang, Xuhui Nature Sustainability, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0220-7	journal	February 2019
Characteristics, drivers and feedbacks of global greening Piao, Shilong; Wang, Xuhui; Park, Taejin Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-019-0001-x	journal	December 2019
Optical vegetation indices for monitoring terrestrial ecosystems globally Zeng, Yelu; Hao, Dalei; Huete, Alfredo Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, Vol. 3, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00298-5	journal	May 2022
Plant phenology changes and drivers on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau Shen, Miaogen; Wang, Shiping; Jiang, Nan Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, Vol. 3, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00317-5	journal	July 2022
Evaporative cooling over the Tibetan Plateau induced by vegetation growth Shen, Miaogen; Piao, Shilong; Jeong, Su-Jong Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 112, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1504418112	journal	July 2015
New perspective on spring vegetation phenology and global climate change based on Tibetan Plateau tree-ring data Yang, Bao; He, Minhui; Shishov, Vladimir Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 114, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616608114	journal	June 2017
Adapting observationally based metrics of biogeophysical feedbacks from land cover/land use change to climate modeling Chen, Liang; Dirmeyer, Paul A. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/034002	journal	February 2016
Local and teleconnected temperature effects of afforestation and vegetation greening in China Li, Yue; Piao, Shilong; Chen, Anping National Science Review, Vol. 7, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz132	journal	September 2019
Negative effects of climate warming on maize yield are reversed by the changing of sowing date and cultivar selection in Northeast China Liu, Zhijuan; Hubbard, Kenneth G.; Lin, Xiaomao Global Change Biology, Vol. 19, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12324	journal	August 2013
Codominant water control on global interannual variability and trends in land surface phenology and greenness Forkel, Matthias; Migliavacca, Mirco; Thonicke, Kirsten Global Change Biology, Vol. 21, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12950	journal	June 2015
Quantifying surface albedo and other direct biogeophysical climate forcings of forestry activities Bright, Ryan M.; Zhao, Kaiguang; Jackson, Robert B. Global Change Biology, Vol. 21, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12951	journal	June 2015
Trends toward an earlier peak of the growing season in Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes Xu, Chongyang; Liu, Hongyan; Williams, A. Park Global Change Biology, Vol. 22, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13224	journal	May 2016
Peak season plant activity shift towards spring is reflected by increasing carbon uptake by extratropical ecosystems Gonsamo, Alemu; Chen, Jing M.; Ooi, Ying W. Global Change Biology, Vol. 24, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14001	journal	December 2017
Plant phenology and global climate change: Current progresses and challenges Piao, Shilong; Liu, Qiang; Chen, Anping Global Change Biology, Vol. 25, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14619	journal	April 2019
Accelerated rate of vegetation green‐up related to warming at northern high latitudes Park, Hoonyoung; Jeong, Sujong; Peñuelas, Josep Global Change Biology, Vol. 26, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15322	journal	September 2020
Spatio‐temporal changes in the speed of canopy development and senescence in temperate China Piao, Shilong; Wang, Jiawei; Li, Xiangyi Global Change Biology, Vol. 28, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16408	journal	September 2022
Variations in satellite-derived phenology in China's temperate vegetation Piao, Shilong; Fang, Jingyun; Zhou, Liming Global Change Biology, Vol. 12, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01123.x	journal	April 2006
European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern Menzel, Annette; Sparks, Tim H.; Estrella, Nicole Global Change Biology, Vol. 12, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01193.x	journal	October 2006
Phenology shifts at start vs. end of growing season in temperate vegetation over the Northern Hemisphere for the period 1982-2008: PHENOLOGY SHIFTS AT START VS. END OF GROWING SEASON Jeong, Su-Jong; Ho, Chang-Hoi; Gim, Hyeon-Ju Global Change Biology, Vol. 17, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02397.x	journal	February 2011
Terrestrial biosphere models need better representation of vegetation phenology: results from the North American Carbon Program Site Synthesis Richardson, Andrew D.; Anderson, Ryan S.; Arain, M. Altaf Global Change Biology, Vol. 18, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02562.x	journal	November 2011
Urban heat island: Aerodynamics or imperviousness? Li, Dan; Liao, Weilin; Rigden, Angela J. Science Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau4299	journal	April 2019
Summer soil drying exacerbated by earlier spring greening of northern vegetation Lian, Xu; Piao, Shilong; Li, Laurent Z. X. Science Advances, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax0255	journal	January 2020
Biophysical impacts of Earth greening largely controlled by aerodynamic resistance Chen, Chi; Li, Dan; Li, Yue Science Advances, Vol. 6, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb1981	journal	November 2020
PHENOLOGY: Responses to a Warming World Penuelas, J. Science, Vol. 294, Issue 5543 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1066860	journal	October 2001
Forests and Climate Change: Forcings, Feedbacks, and the Climate Benefits of Forests Bonan, G. B. Science, Vol. 320, Issue 5882 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155121	journal	June 2008
Phenology Feedbacks on Climate Change Penuelas, J.; Rutishauser, T.; Filella, I. Science, Vol. 324, Issue 5929 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1173004	journal	May 2009
Enhanced Seasonal Exchange of CO2 by Northern Ecosystems Since 1960 Graven, H. D.; Keeling, R. F.; Piper, S. C. Science, Vol. 341, Issue 6150 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1239207	journal	August 2013
Seasonal Variation in Radiative and Turbulent Exchange at a Deciduous Forest in Central Massachusetts Moore, Kathleen E.; Fitzjarrald, David R.; Sakai, Ricardo K. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 35, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<0122:SVIRAT>2.0.CO;2	journal	January 1996
Nonlocal Boundary Layer Vertical Diffusion in a Medium-Range Forecast Model Hong, Song-You; Pan, Hua-Lu Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 124, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<2322:NBLVDI>2.0.CO;2	journal	October 1996
A Revised Approach to Ice Microphysical Processes for the Bulk Parameterization of Clouds and Precipitation Hong, Song-You; Dudhia, Jimy; Chen, Shu-Hua Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 132, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0103:ARATIM>2.0.CO;2	journal	January 2004
Impacts of High-Resolution Land Surface Initialization on Regional Sensible Weather Forecasts from the WRF Model Case, Jonathan L.; Crosson, William L.; Kumar, Sujay V. Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 9, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JHM990.1	journal	December 2008
Global and Seasonal Assessment of Interactions between Climate and Vegetation Biophysical Processes: A GCM Study with Different Land–Vegetation Representations Xue, Yongkang; De Sales, Fernando; Vasic, Ratko Journal of Climate, Vol. 23, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3054.1	journal	March 2010
Ecosystem Feedbacks to Climate Change in California: Development, Testing, and Analysis Using a Coupled Regional Atmosphere and Land Surface Model (WRF3–CLM3.5) Subin, Z. M.; Riley, W. J.; Jin, J. Earth Interactions, Vol. 15, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1175/2010EI331.1	journal	May 2011
Interactive Crop Management in the Community Earth System Model (CESM1): Seasonal Influences on Land–Atmosphere Fluxes Levis, Samuel; Bonan, Gordon B.; Kluzek, Erik Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00446.1	journal	July 2012
How Important is Vegetation Phenology for European Climate and Heat Waves? Lorenz, Ruth; Davin, Edouard L.; Lawrence, David M. Journal of Climate, Vol. 26, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00040.1	journal	December 2013
Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Interactions during the 2003 European Summer Heat Wave Fischer, E. M.; Seneviratne, S. I.; Vidale, P. L. Journal of Climate, Vol. 20, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4288.1	journal	October 2007
Global vegetation variability and its response to elevated CO₂, global warming, and climate variability – a study using the offline SSiB4/TRIFFID model and satellite data Liu, Ye; Xue, Yongkang; MacDonald, Glen Earth System Dynamics, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-9-2019	journal	January 2019
GPRChinaTemp1km: a high-resolution monthly air temperature data set for China (1951–2020) based on machine learning He, Qian; Wang, Ming; Liu, Kai Earth System Science Data, Vol. 14, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3273-2022	journal	July 2022

Similar Records

Cooling outweighs warming across phenological transitions in the Northern Hemisphere

Journal Article · Sun Sep 07 20:00:00 EDT 2025 · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · OSTI ID:2588267

Related Subjects

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Biophysical feedback
Land-atmosphere interactions
Phenology shifts
Regional climate simulation

Phenological control of vegetation biophysical feedbacks to the regional climate

Citation Formats

References (81)

Similar Records

Related Subjects