Flexible dynamic boundary microgrid operation considering network and load unbalances

Su, Yu; Li, Dingrui; Wang, Fred; Olama, Mohammed; Ferrari, Maximiliano; Ollis, Ben; Liu, Yilu

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123633

Flexible dynamic boundary microgrid operation considering network and load unbalances

Journal Article · Sat Jun 15 00:00:00 EDT 2024 · Applied Energy

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123633· OSTI ID:2376386

Su, Yu ^[1]; Li, Dingrui ^[2]; Wang, Fred ^[3]; ^[4]; Ferrari, Maximiliano ^[4]; ^[4]; Liu, Yilu ^[3]

Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)
ABB US Research Center, Raleigh, NC (United States)
Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States); Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Flexible microgrids with dynamic boundaries have recently been introduced in the literature. With the ability to reconfigure the topology of the microgrids dynamically through remotely controlled switches, flexible microgrids with dynamic boundaries can further improve the resiliency and energy efficiency of microgrids with distributed energy resources (DERs). This paper focuses on the optimal operation considering one of the predominant characteristics of microgrids and distribution systems – unbalanced networks and loads. In existing literature, balanced modeling of microgrids is more common due to its attractive simplicity. The three-phase power unbalance has not been considered as a constraint on the generation units in a microgrid. Further, negative sequence constraints have also been neglected. In this article, we propose a set of constraints that is specifically related to the capabilities of inverter interfaced resources to supply unbalanced current/power when the microgrid is islanded from the main distribution grid. We incorporate the new set of constraints into two optimization formulations leveraging two convex relaxations of the three-phase power flow equations: mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) and mixed-integer semidefinite programming (MISDP) that optimize the dispatch of controllable switches and DERs in the microgrid. The algorithms are then extended to networked microgrids with grid-forming sources. We test the algorithms on a realistic community microgrid model in Puerto Rico as well as standardized IEEE distribution test feeders. The testing results demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithms. The MILP is fast and scalable, and the MISDP enforces the negative sequence voltage constraints.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Solar Energy Technologies Office; National Science Foundation (NSF)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 2376386

Journal Information:: Applied Energy, Journal Name: Applied Energy Vol. 371; ISSN 0306-2619

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (25)

The U.S. Department of Energy's Microgrid Initiative Ton, Dan T.; Smith, Merrill A. The Electricity Journal, Vol. 25, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2012.09.013	journal	October 2012
Networked microgrids for service restoration in resilient distribution systems Arif, Anmar; Wang, Zhaoyu IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Vol. 11, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.0380	journal	September 2017
Two‐stage EMS for distribution network under defensive islanding Hu, Xiaotong; Liu, Tianqi; Ma, Yiwei IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Vol. 13, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.7026	journal	September 2019
Real‐time power management technique for microgrid with flexible boundaries Hu, Xiaotong; Liu, Tianqi; He, Chuan IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Vol. 14, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2019.1576	journal	June 2020
Distribution feeder reconfiguration for loss reduction Civanlar, S.; Grainger, J. J.; Yin, H. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 3, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/61.193906	journal	July 1988
A Smart and Flexible Microgrid With a Low-Cost Scalable Open-Source Controller Zhu, Lin; Zhang, Chengwen; Yin, He IEEE Access, Vol. 9 https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3131995	journal	January 2021
Real-Time Power Management for Microgrids With Dynamic Boundaries and Multiple Source Locations Zhang, Chengwen; Su, Yu; Li, Dingrui IEEE Access, Vol. 10 https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3197601	journal	January 2022
Impact of Negative-Sequence Voltage on Inverter in an Islanded Microgrid Arifujjaman, Md; Salas, Roger; Johnson, Anthony P. 2020 IEEE Green Energy and Smart Systems Conference (IGESSC) https://doi.org/10.1109/IGESSC50231.2020.9284999	conference	November 2020
Black-Start and Service Restoration in Resilient Distribution Systems With Dynamic Microgrids Du, Yuhua; Tu, Hao; Lu, Xiaonan IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/JESTPE.2021.3071765	journal	August 2022
Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Systems for Loss Reduction and Load Balancing Baran, Mesut E.; Wu, Felix F. IEEE Power Engineering Review, Vol. 9, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/MPER.1989.4310642	journal	January 1989
Convex Relaxation of Optimal Power Flow—Part II: Exactness Low, Steven H. IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems, Vol. 1, Issue 2, p. 177-189 https://doi.org/10.1109/TCNS.2014.2323634	journal	June 2014
Nested Formation Approach for Networked Microgrid Self-Healing in Islanded Mode Ambia, Mir Nahidul; Meng, Ke; Xiao, Weidong IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 36, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2020.2977769	journal	February 2021
Decentralized Energy Management for Networked Microgrids in Future Distribution Systems Gao, Hongjun; Liu, Junyong; Wang, Lingfeng IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 33, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2773070	journal	July 2018
Adaptive Formation of Microgrids With Mobile Emergency Resources for Critical Service Restoration in Extreme Conditions Che, Liang; Shahidehpour, Mohammad IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 34, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2866099	journal	January 2019
Toward a MILP Modeling Framework for Distribution System Restoration Chen, Bo; Ye, Zhigang; Chen, Chen IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 34, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2885322	journal	May 2019
Coordinated Energy Management of Networked Microgrids in Distribution Systems Wang, Zhaoyu; Chen, Bokan; Wang, Jianhui IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2014.2329846	journal	January 2015
Adaptive Self-Adequate Microgrids Using Dynamic Boundaries Nassar, Mohammed E.; Salama, M. M. A. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2015.2420115	journal	January 2016
Resilient Distribution System by Microgrids Formation After Natural Disasters Chen, Chen; Wang, Jianhui; Qiu, Feng IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2015.2429653	journal	March 2016
Resilience-Oriented Critical Load Restoration Using Microgrids in Distribution Systems Gao, Haixiang; Chen, Ying; Xu, Yin IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 7, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2550625	journal	November 2016
Distributed Energy Management for Networked Microgrids Using Online ADMM With Regret Ma, Wann-Jiun; Wang, Jianhui; Gupta, Vijay IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2569604	journal	March 2018
Microgrids for Service Restoration to Critical Load in a Resilient Distribution System Xu, Yin; Liu, Chen-Ching; Schneider, Kevin P. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2591531	journal	January 2018
Distributed Secondary Control Strategy for Microgrid Operation with Dynamic Boundaries Du, Yuhua; Lu, Xiaonan; Wang, Jianhui IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 10, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2018.2879793	journal	September 2019
A Risk-Averse Conic Model for Networked Microgrids Planning With Reconfiguration and Reorganizations Cao, Xiaoyu; Wang, Jianxue; Wang, Jianhui IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2019.2927833	journal	January 2020
Networked Microgrids for Grid Resilience, Robustness, and Efficiency: A Review Chen, Bo; Wang, Jianhui; Lu, Xiaonan IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2020.3010570	journal	January 2021
Proactive Management of Microgrids for Resiliency Enhancement: An Adaptive Robust Approach Gholami, Amin; Shekari, Tohid; Grijalva, Santiago IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2017.2740433	journal	January 2019

Similar Records

A Mixed Integer Linear Programming-basedDistributed Energy Management for Three-phaseUnbalanced Active Distribution Network

Conference · Mon Apr 01 00:00:00 EDT 2024 · OSTI ID:2371090

Inverter Controls for Smooth Transition Operation and Voltage Balancing of Networked Microgrids

Conference · Thu Dec 28 23:00:00 EST 2023 · OSTI ID:2305404

Related Subjects

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
Dynamic boundaries
Grid resilience
Inverter interfaced sources
Microgrids
Mixed-integer linear programming
Mixed-integer semidefinite programming
Unbalanced load

Flexible dynamic boundary microgrid operation considering network and load unbalances

Citation Formats

References (25)

Similar Records

Related Subjects