Ultraviolet-Activated Solid-State Nitrene Cross-Linking: A Scalable Pathway to Prolonged Lifespan in Anion Exchange Membranes

Clemens, Auston L.; Cerón, Maira R.; Ferron, Thomas J.; Mettry-Yassa, Magi; Hammons, Joshua A.; Jayathilake, Buddhinie; Molinero, Valeria; Karnes, John J.; Oakdale, James S.

doi:10.1021/acsapm.3c02885

Ultraviolet-Activated Solid-State Nitrene Cross-Linking: A Scalable Pathway to Prolonged Lifespan in Anion Exchange Membranes

Journal Article · Fri Apr 12 00:00:00 EDT 2024 · ACS Applied Polymer Materials

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.3c02885· OSTI ID:2375412

^[1]; ^[1]; Ferron, Thomas J. ^[1]; Mettry-Yassa, Magi ^[1]; ^[1]; ^[1]; ^[2]; ^[1]; Oakdale, James S. ^[1]

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (United States)

Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) offer a cost-effective alternative to proton exchange membranes as alkaline fuel cells and electrolyzers permit the use of non-platinum group electrodes and components. Despite continued progress, the operational lifetime and stability of these membranes limit the widespread adoption of AEM-based electrochemical technologies. This study presents a flexible and easily implemented ultraviolet (UV)-initiated nitrene-based cross-linking method which uses a small, facile organic azide precursor. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate this approach on the well-studied poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) quaternary ammonium AEM (QPPO) polyelectrolyte. Further, a survey of cross-linker density (2.5–10 mol %) found that the addition of 10 mol % results in a 59% reduction in water uptake, a 58.8% decrease in the swell ratio, and a 31% increase in tensile strength vs the un-cross-linked material. Nitrene cross-linking also enhanced the membrane’s durability, enabling 1000 h of stable performance under electrochemical load. This UV-initiated cross-linking method may be easily integrated into production processes, allowing chemical cross-linking at any stage, including posthydration.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Advanced Photon Source (APS); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program; USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-06CH11357; AC52-07NA27344

OSTI ID:: 2375412

Report Number(s):: LLNL--JRNL-851644; 1078425

Journal Information:: ACS Applied Polymer Materials, Journal Name: ACS Applied Polymer Materials Journal Issue: 8 Vol. 6; ISSN 2637-6105

Publisher:: ACS PublicationsCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (73)

Low-PGM and PGM-Free Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Stability Challenges and Material Solutions Du, Lei; Prabhakaran, Venkateshkumar; Xie, Xiaohong Advanced Materials https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201908232	journal	April 2020
Progress in High‐Performance Anion Exchange Membranes Based on the Design of Stable Cations for Alkaline Fuel Cells Tao, Zhengwang; Wang, Chenyi; Zhao, Xiaoyan Advanced Materials Technologies, Vol. 6, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202001220	journal	March 2021
A Semi‐Interpenetrating Network Approach for Dimensionally Stabilizing Highly‐Charged Anion Exchange Membranes for Alkaline Fuel Cells He, Steve S.; Strickler, Alaina L.; Frank, Curtis W. ChemSusChem, Vol. 8, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201500133	journal	March 2015
Click Chemistry-Induced Terminally Crosslinked Poly(ether sulfone) as a Highly Conductive Anion Exchange Membrane Under Humidity Condition Yun, Dayoung; Yim, Taeeun; Kwon, Oh Joong Macromolecular Research, Vol. 27, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-020-8037-9	journal	October 2019
On tortuosity and the tortuosity factor in flow and diffusion through porous media Epstein, Norman Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 44, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(89)85053-5	journal	January 1989
High-efficiency nitrene-based crosslinking agent for robust dielectric layers and high-performance solution-processed organic field-effect transistors Kim, Kyunghun; Shin, Seongjun; Kim, Se Hyun Applied Surface Science, Vol. 479 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.02.106	journal	June 2019
Water – A key parameter in the stability of anion exchange membrane fuel cells Diesendruck, Charles E.; Dekel, Dario R. Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, Vol. 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2018.03.019	journal	June 2018
Economic prospects and policy framework for hydrogen as fuel in the transport sector Ajanovic, Amela; Haas, Reinhard Energy Policy, Vol. 123 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.063	journal	December 2018
Next-generation anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers operating for commercially relevant lifetimes Motealleh, Behrooz; Liu, Zengcai; Masel, Rich I. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 46, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.10.244	journal	January 2021
Highly conductive partially cross-linked poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) as anion exchange membrane and ionomer for water electrolysis Feng, Zhiming; Esteban, Pilar Ocón; Gupta, Gaurav International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 46, Issue 75 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.09.014	journal	October 2021
Bis-pyridinium crosslinked poly(ether ether ketone) anion exchange membranes with enhancement of hydroxide conductivity and alkaline stability Xu, Yaojie; Zhao, Chunhui; Huang, Shengmei International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 47, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.11.209	journal	January 2022
Crosslinked anion exchange membranes with regional intensive ion clusters prepared from quaternized branched polyethyleneimine/quaternized polysulfone Dong, Dawei; Xiao, Yafei; Zhang, Minghua International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 47, Issue 59 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.05.237	journal	July 2022
A review on anion exchange membranes for fuel cells: Anion-exchange polyelectrolytes and synthesis strategies Huang, Jiaqiang; Yu, Zongxue; Tang, Junlei International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 47, Issue 65 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.06.140	journal	July 2022
Increasing the performance of an anion-exchange membrane electrolyzer operating in pure water with a nickel-based microporous layer Razmjooei, Fatemeh; Morawietz, Tobias; Taghizadeh, Ehsan Joule, Vol. 5, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.05.006	journal	July 2021
Anion exchange membranes based on terminally crosslinked methyl morpholinium-functionalized poly(arylene ether sulfone)s Kwon, Sohyun; Rao, Anil H. N.; Kim, Tae-Hyun Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 375 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.047	journal	January 2018
Phase separation and ion conductivity in the bulk and at the surface of anion exchange membranes with different ion exchange capacities at different humidities Kimura, Taro; Akiyama, Ryo; Miyatake, Kenji Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 375 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.081	journal	January 2018
Review of cell performance in anion exchange membrane fuel cells Dekel, Dario R. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 375 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.07.117	journal	January 2018
Functionalized graphene oxide cross-linked poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)-based anion exchange membranes with superior ionic conductivity Zhang, Dengji; Xu, Shicheng; Wan, Ruiying Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 517 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230720	journal	January 2022
Self-adhesive ionomers for durable low-temperature anion exchange membrane electrolysis Chen, Mengjie; Mandal, Mrinmay; Groenhout, Katelyn Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 536 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231495	journal	July 2022
High performance anion exchange membranes obtained through graft architecture and rational cross-linking Ran, Jin; Wu, Liang; Ge, Qianqian Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 470 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.07.036	journal	November 2014
Azide-assisted self-crosslinking of highly ion conductive anion exchange membranes He, Shuqing; Liu, Lei; Wang, Xuchao Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 509 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.02.045	journal	July 2016
Azide-assisted crosslinked quaternized polysulfone with reduced graphene oxide for highly stable anion exchange membranes Hu, Bo; Miao, Luyang; Zhao, Yanxu Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 530 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2017.02.023	journal	May 2017
UV-crosslinking of polystyrene anion exchange membranes by azidated macromolecular crosslinker for alkaline fuel cells Xue, Jiandang; Liu, Lei; Liao, Jiayou Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 535 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2017.04.049	journal	August 2017
Self-crosslinking of comb-shaped polystyrene anion exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cell application Liu, Wangcai; Liu, Lei; Liao, Jiayou Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 536 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2017.05.006	journal	August 2017
Crosslinked side-chain-type anion exchange membranes with enhanced conductivity and dimensional stability Lin, Chen Xiao; Zhuo, Yi Zhi; Hu, En Ning Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 539 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2017.05.063	journal	October 2017
Anionic multiblock copolymer membrane based on vinyl addition polymerization of norbornenes: Applications in anion-exchange membrane fuel cells Mandal, Mrinmay; Huang, Garrett; Kohl, Paul A. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 570-571 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2018.10.041	journal	January 2019
Preparation of anion exchange membrane by efficient functionalization of polysulfone for electrodialysis Liu, Ying; Wang, Jianyou Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 596 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117591	journal	February 2020
Measuring the true hydroxide conductivity of anion exchange membranes Zhegur-Khais, Avital; Kubannek, Fabian; Krewer, Ulrike Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 612 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118461	journal	October 2020
Soluble poly(aryl piperidinium) with extended aromatic segments as anion exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cells and water electrolysis Liu, Min; Hu, Xu; Hu, Bin Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 642 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119966	journal	February 2022
Exploring highly soluble ether-free polybenzimidazole as anion exchange membranes with long term durability Guo, Maolian; Ban, Tao; Wang, Yajie Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 647 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120299	journal	April 2022
High-performance anion exchange membranes achieved by crosslinking two aryl ether-free polymers: poly(bibenzyl N-methyl piperidine) and SEBS Min, Kyungwhan; Lee, Yerim; Choi, Yeongeun Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 664 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121071	journal	December 2022
Novel piperidinium-functionalized crosslinked anion exchange membrane with flexible spacers for water electrolysis Xu, Ziqi; Wilke, Vincent; Chmielarz, Jagoda Justyna Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 670 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121302	journal	March 2023
Dithiol cross-linked polynorbornene-based anion-exchange membranes with high hydroxide conductivity and alkaline stability Wang, Ting; Wang, Yu; You, Wei Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 685 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121916	journal	November 2023
Alkaline stability of model anion exchange membranes based on poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) with grafted quaternary ammonium groups: Influence of the functionalization route Becerra-Arciniegas, R. -A.; Narducci, R.; Ercolani, G. Polymer, Vol. 185 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121931	journal	December 2019
The intensification technologies to water electrolysis for hydrogen production – A review Wang, Mingyong; Wang, Zhi; Gong, Xuzhong Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 29 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.090	journal	January 2014
A review of membranes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells: Transport phenomena, performance and durability Pan, Mingzhang; Pan, Chengjie; Li, Chao Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 141 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110771	journal	May 2021
Environmental aspects of fuel cells: A review Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali; Elsaid, Khaled; Wilberforce, Tabbi Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 752 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141803	journal	January 2021
Effect of Water on the Stability of Quaternary Ammonium Groups for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Applications Dekel, Dario R.; Amar, Michal; Willdorf, Sapir Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b00958	journal	May 2017
Cationic Side-Chain Attachment to Poly(Phenylene Oxide) Backbones for Chemically Stable and Conductive Anion Exchange Membranes Pan, Jing; Han, Juanjuan; Zhu, Liang Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b01494	journal	May 2017
Anion-Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers Du, Naiying; Roy, Claudie; Peach, Retha Chemical Reviews, Vol. 122, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00854	journal	April 2022
Hydrocarbon-Based Polymer Electrolyte Membranes: Importance of Morphology on Ion Transport and Membrane Stability Shin, Dong Won; Guiver, Michael D.; Lee, Young Moo Chemical Reviews, Vol. 117, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00586	journal	March 2017
Poly(terphenylene) and Bromohexylated Polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene-co-butene)-b-polystyrene Cross-Linked Anion Exchange Membrane with Excellent Comprehensive Performance Wang, Fanghui; Li, Conghui; Sang, Jing Energy & Fuels, Vol. 36, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c01670	journal	July 2022
Degradation of Organic Cations under Alkaline Conditions You, Wei; Hugar, Kristina M.; Selhorst, Ryan C. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 86, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.0c02051	journal	November 2020
Post-Hydration Crosslinking of Ion Exchange Membranes to Control Water Content Barnett, Adam; Karnes, John J.; Clemens, Auston L. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c00074	journal	March 2023
Molecular Simulation of Quaternary Ammonium Solutions at Low Hydration Levels Pusara, Srdjan; Srebnik, Simcha; Dekel, Dario R. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 122, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b00752	journal	May 2018
Are Radicals Formed During Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Operation? Wierzbicki, Szymon; Douglin, John C.; Kostuch, Aldona The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02349	journal	August 2020
Exploring Different Cationic Alkyl Side Chain Designs for Enhanced Alkaline Stability and Hydroxide Ion Conductivity of Anion-Exchange Membranes Dang, Hai-Son; Jannasch, Patric Macromolecules, Vol. 48, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01302	journal	August 2015
Systematic Alkaline Stability Study of Polymer Backbones for Anion Exchange Membrane Applications Mohanty, Angela D.; Tignor, Steven E.; Krause, Jessica A. Macromolecules, Vol. 49, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02550	journal	April 2016
Highly Conductive Anion-Exchange Membranes Based on Cross-Linked Poly(norbornene): Vinyl Addition Polymerization Mandal, Mrinmay; Huang, Garrett; Kohl, Paul A. ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.8b02051	journal	March 2019
Ether-Free Polybenzimidazole Bearing Pendant Imidazolium Groups for Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Application Lin, Bencai; Xu, Fei; Su, Yue ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.9b02123	journal	December 2019
Click Chemistry Finds Its Way in Constructing an Ionic Highway in Anion-Exchange Membrane Ge, Qianqian; Ran, Jin; Miao, Jibin ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 7, Issue 51 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b09920	journal	December 2015
Suppressing Water Uptake and Increasing Hydroxide Conductivity in Ring-Opened Polynorbornene Ion-Exchange Materials via Backbone Design Gaitor, Jamie C.; Treichel, Megan; Kowalewski, Tomasz ACS Applied Polymer Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.2c00297	journal	October 2022
Operando EPR Study of Radical Formation in Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Wierzbicki, Szymon; Douglin, John C.; Singh, Ramesh K. ACS Catalysis, Vol. 13, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.2c05843	journal	February 2023
Poly(aryl piperidinium) membranes and ionomers for hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells Wang, Junhua; Zhao, Yun; Setzler, Brian P. Nature Energy, Vol. 4, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0372-8	journal	April 2019
UV irradiation-induced cross-linked bicarbonate anion exchange membranes based on vinylimidazolium-functionalized poly(arylene ether ketone) Bu, Fanzhe; Zhao, Chengji; Wang, Baolong RSC Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 70 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA09546H	journal	January 2015
Highly conductive and durable poly(arylene ether sulfone) anion exchange membrane with end-group cross-linking Lee, Kang Hyuck; Cho, Doo Hee; Kim, Young Mi Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EE03079C	journal	January 2017
Two in one: use of azide functionality for controlled photo-crosslinking and click-modification of polymer microspheres Albuszis, Marco; Roth, Peter J.; Pauer, Werner Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 7, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6PY00937A	journal	January 2016
Degradation of radiation grafted hydroxide anion exchange membrane immersed in neutral pH: removal of vinylbenzyl trimethylammonium hydroxide due to oxidation Espiritu, Richard; Golding, Bernard T.; Scott, Keith Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA08232G	journal	January 2017
Green hydrogen from anion exchange membrane water electrolysis: a review of recent developments in critical materials and operating conditions Miller, Hamish Andrew; Bouzek, Karel; Hnat, Jaromir Sustainable Energy & Fuels, Vol. 4, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9SE01240K	journal	January 2020
Durability of anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers Li, Dongguo; Motz, Andrew R.; Bae, Chulsung Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 14, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EE04086J	journal	January 2021
High performance cross-linked anion exchange membrane based on aryl-ether free polymer backbones for anion exchange membrane fuel cell application Gao, Xueqiang; Yu, HongMei; Xie, Feng Sustainable Energy & Fuels, Vol. 4, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0SE00502A	journal	January 2020
Preparation of crosslinker-free anion exchange membranes with excellent physicochemical and electrochemical properties based on crosslinked PPO-SEBS Sung, Seounghwa; Chae, Ji Eon; Min, Kyungwhan Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA10194J	journal	January 2021
Novel self-crosslinked poly(aryl ether sulfone) for high alkaline stable and fuel resistant alkaline anion exchange membranes Ni, Jing; Zhao, Chengji; Zhang, Gang Chemical Communications, Vol. 47, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cc12430g	journal	January 2011
Two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy reveals cation-triggered backbone degradation in polysulfone-based anion exchange membranes Arges, C. G.; Ramani, V. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 110, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1217215110	journal	January 2013
A new Guinier–Porod model Hammouda, Boualem Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 43, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889810015773	journal	May 2010
Nika : software for two-dimensional data reduction Ilavsky, Jan Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 45, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889812004037	journal	March 2012
Development of combined microstructure and structure characterization facility for in situ and operando studies at the Advanced Photon Source Ilavsky, Jan; Zhang, Fan; Andrews, Ross N. Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 51, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1107/S160057671800643X	journal	June 2018
Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points Armstrong McKay, David I.; Staal, Arie; Abrams, Jesse F. Science, Vol. 377, Issue 6611 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abn7950	journal	September 2022
A Dusty Fluid Model for Predicting Hydroxyl Anion Conductivity in Alkaline Anion Exchange Membranes Grew, Kyle N.; Chiu, Wilson K. S. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 157, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3273200	journal	January 2010
Investigation of Cation Degradation in Anion Exchange Membranes Using Multi-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy Arges, Christopher G.; Ramani, Vijay Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 160, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.056309jes	journal	January 2013
Reactive & Efficient: Organic Azides as Cross-Linkers in Material Sciences Schock, Marvin; Bräse, Stefan Molecules, Vol. 25, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25041009	journal	February 2020
Anion Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Application: A Review Das, Gautam; Choi, Ji-Hyeok; Nguyen, Phan Khanh Thinh Polymers, Vol. 14, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14061197	journal	March 2022
Tuning Alkaline Anion Exchange Membranes through Crosslinking: A Review of Synthetic Strategies and Property Relationships Clemens, Auston L.; Jayathilake, Buddhinie S.; Karnes, John J. Polymers, Vol. 15, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15061534	journal	March 2023

Similar Records

Highly Conductive Anion-Exchange Membranes Based on Cross-Linked Poly(norbornene): Vinyl Addition Polymerization

Journal Article · Tue Mar 19 20:00:00 EDT 2019 · ACS Applied Energy Materials · OSTI ID:2568173

Efficient Synthesis of High-Performance Anion Exchange Membranes by Applying Clickable Tetrakis(dialkylamino)phosphonium Cations

Journal Article · Sun Jan 08 19:00:00 EST 2023 · Polymers · OSTI ID:1908398

Related Subjects

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Degradation
Electrical conductivity
Membranes
Nucleic acid structure
Testing and assessment

Ultraviolet-Activated Solid-State Nitrene Cross-Linking: A Scalable Pathway to Prolonged Lifespan in Anion Exchange Membranes

Citation Formats

References (73)

Similar Records

Related Subjects