Repainting the colour–mass diagrams by unearthing the green mountain: dust-rich S0 galaxies in the colour–(galaxy stellar mass) diagram, and the colour–(black hole mass) relations for dust-poor versus dust-rich galaxies

Graham, Alister W.

doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1193

Repainting the colour–mass diagrams by unearthing the green mountain: dust-rich S0 galaxies in the colour–(galaxy stellar mass) diagram, and the colour–(black hole mass) relations for dust-poor versus dust-rich galaxies

Journal Article · Fri May 03 00:00:00 EDT 2024 · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae1193· OSTI ID:2350711

ABSTRACT

Lenticular galaxies are notoriously misclassified as elliptical galaxies and, as such, a (disc inclination)-dependent correction for dust is often not applied to the magnitudes of dusty lenticular galaxies. This results in overly red galaxy colours, impacting their distribution in the colour–magnitude diagram. It is revealed how this has led to an underpopulation of the ‘green valley’ by hiding a ‘green mountain’ of massive dust-rich lenticular galaxies – known to be built from gas-rich major mergers – within the ‘red sequence’ of colour–(stellar mass) diagrams. Correcting for dust, a ‘green mountain’ appears at M*,gal ∼ 1011 M⊙, along with signs of an extension to lower masses producing a ‘green range’ or ‘green ridge’ on the green side of the ‘red sequence’ and ‘blue cloud.’ The ‘red sequence’ is shown to be comprised of two components: a red plateau defined by elliptical galaxies with a near-constant colour and by lower-mass dust-poor lenticular galaxies, which are mostly a primordial population but may include faded/transformed spiral galaxies. The presence of the quasi-triangular-shaped galaxy evolution sequence, previously called the ‘Triangal’, is revealed in the galaxy colour–(stellar mass) diagram. It tracks the speciation of galaxies and their associated migration through the diagram. The connection of the ‘Triangal’ to previous galaxy morphology sequences (Fork, Trident, and Comb) is also shown herein. Finally, the colour–(black hole mass) diagram is revisited, revealing how the dust correction generates a blue–green sequence for the spiral and dust-rich lenticular galaxies that is offset from a green–red sequence defined by the dust-poor lenticular and elliptical galaxies.

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Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

OSTI ID:: 2350711

Journal Information:: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Journal Name: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 531; ISSN 0035-8711

Publisher:: Oxford University PressCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

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Multiband Analysis of a Sample of Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxies. I. Surface Brightness Distribution, Morphology, and Structural Parameters Cairos, Luz Marina; Vilchez, Jose M.; Gonzalez Perez, Jose Nicolas The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 133, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/320350	journal	April 2001
WFPC2 Images of the Central Regions of Early-Type Galaxies. I. The Data Rest, Armin; van den Bosch, Frank C.; Jaffe, Walter The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 121, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1086/320370	journal	May 2001
Morphological Evolution and the Ages of Early‐Type Galaxies in Clusters van Dokkum, Pieter G.; Franx, Marijn The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 553, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/320645	journal	May 2001
A New Formation Model for M32: A Threshed Early-Type Spiral Galaxy? Bekki, Kenji; Couch, Warrick J.; Drinkwater, Michael J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 557, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/323075	journal	August 2001
Color Separation of Galaxy Types in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Imaging Data Strateva, Iskra; Ivezić, Željko; Knapp, Gillian R. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 122, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1086/323301	journal	October 2001
A [ITAL]Hubble Space Telescope[/ITAL] Census of Nuclear Star Clusters in Late-Type Spiral Galaxies. I. Observations and Image Analysis Böker, Torsten; Laine, Seppo; van der Marel, Roeland P. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 123, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1086/339025	journal	March 2002
Molecular Gas in Elliptical Galaxies: Distribution and Kinematics Young, L. M. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 124, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/341648	journal	August 2002
The Formation of Low-Mass Cluster Galaxies and the Universal Initial Galaxy Mass Function Conselice, Christopher J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 573, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/341878	journal	July 2002
Passive Spiral Formation from Halo Gas Starvation: Gradual Transformation into S0s Bekki, Kenji; Couch, Warrick J.; Shioya, Yasuhiro The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 577, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/342221	journal	October 2002
Galaxy Populations and Evolution in Clusters. III. The Origin of Low-Mass Galaxies in Clusters: Constraints from Stellar Populations Conselice, Christopher J.; Gallagher III, John S.; Wyse, Rosemary F. G. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 125, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/345385	journal	January 2003
The Galactic Disk Mass Function: Reconciliation of the [ITAL]Hubble Space Telescope[/ITAL] and Nearby Determinations Chabrier, Gilles The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 586, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/374879	journal	April 2003
HST Photometry of Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies in Coma, and an Explanation for the Alleged Structural Dichotomy between Dwarf and Bright Elliptical Galaxies Graham, Alister W.; Guzmn, Rafael The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 125, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1086/374992	journal	June 2003
Galaxy Populations and Evolution in Clusters. IV. Deep HiObservations of Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies in the Virgo Cluster Conselice, Christopher J.; O’Neil, Karen; Gallagher, John S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 591, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/375216	journal	July 2003
Star Formation Histories of Early-Type Galaxies. I. Higher Order Balmer Lines as Age Indicators Caldwell, Nelson; Rose, James A.; Concannon, Kristi Dendy The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 125, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1086/375308	journal	June 2003
Deep Near‐Infrared Mapping of Young and Old Stars in Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxies Cairos, Luz M.; Caon, Nicola; Papaderos, Polychronis The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 593, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/376516	journal	August 2003
Internal Dynamics, Structure, and Formation of Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies. II. Rotating versus Nonrotating Dwarfs Geha, M.; Guhathakurta, P.; van der Marel, R. P. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 126, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1086/377624	journal	October 2003
Hubble Space TelescopeDetection of Spiral Structure in Two Coma Cluster Dwarf Galaxies Graham, Alister W.; Jerjen, Helmut; Guzmn, Rafael The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 126, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1086/378166	journal	October 2003
Statistical Properties of Collisionless Equal‐ and Unequal‐Mass Merger Remnants of Disk Galaxies Naab, Thorsten; Burkert, Andreas The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 597, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/378581	journal	November 2003
The Optical and Near‐Infrared Properties of Galaxies. I. Luminosity and Stellar Mass Functions Bell, Eric F.; McIntosh, Daniel H.; Katz, Neal The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 149, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/378847	journal	December 2003
What Shapes the Luminosity Function of Galaxies? Benson, A. J.; Bower, R. G.; Frenk, C. S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 599, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/379160	journal	December 2003
The Ages of Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies Rakos, Karl; Schombert, James The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 127, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1086/381921	journal	March 2004
Early-Type Galaxies in Extremely Isolated Environments: Typical Ellipticals? Marcum, Pamela M.; Aars, Christian E.; Fanelli, Michael N. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 127, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1086/420708	journal	June 2004
The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. I. Introduction to the Survey Cote, Patrick; Blakeslee, John P.; Ferrarese, Laura The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 153, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/421490	journal	July 2004
Galaxy Evolution Explorer Ultraviolet Color-Magnitude Relations and Evidence of Recent Star Formation in Early-Type Galaxies Yi, S. K.; Yoon, S. -J.; Kaviraj, S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 619, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/422811	journal	January 2005
The Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) for the Spitzer Space Telescope Fazio, G. G.; Hora, J. L.; Allen, L. E. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 154, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/422843	journal	September 2004
The Spitzer Space Telescope Mission Werner, M. W.; Roellig, T. L.; Low, F. J. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 154, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/422992	journal	September 2004
The Origin of the Mass‐Metallicity Relation: Insights from 53,000 Star‐forming Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Tremonti, Christy A.; Heckman, Timothy M.; Kauffmann, Guinevere The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 613, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/423264	journal	October 2004
The Environmental Dependence of Galaxy Properties in the Local Universe: Dependences on Luminosity, Local Density, and System Richness Tanaka, Masayuki; Goto, Tomotsugu; Okamura, Sadanori The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 128, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1086/425529	journal	December 2004
TheK‐Band Luminosities of Galaxies: Do S0s Come from Spiral Galaxies? Burstein, David; Ho, Luis C.; Huchra, John P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 621, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/427408	journal	March 2005
Passively Evolving Early‐Type Galaxies at 1.4 ≲ z ≲ 2.5 in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field Daddi, E.; Renzini, A.; Pirzkal, N. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 626, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/430104	journal	June 2005
The Discovery of Spiral Arms in the Starburst Galaxy M82 Mayya, Y. D.; Carrasco, L.; Luna, A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 628, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/432644	journal	July 2005
A Unified, Merger‐driven Model of the Origin of Starbursts, Quasars, the Cosmic X‐Ray Background, Supermassive Black Holes, and Galaxy Spheroids Hopkins, Philip F.; Hernquist, Lars; Cox, Thomas J. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 163, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/499298	journal	March 2006
The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. VI. Isophotal Analysis and the Structure of Early‐Type Galaxies Ferrarese, Laura; Cote, Patrick; Jordan, Andres The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 164, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/501350	journal	June 2006
Virgo Cluster Early?Type Dwarf Galaxies with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. II. Early?Type Dwarfs with Central Star Formation Lisker, Thorsten; Glatt, Katharina; Westera, Pieter The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 132, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1086/508414	journal	January 2006
Hubble Space TelescopeAdvanced Camera for Surveys Mosaic of the Prototypical Starburst Galaxy M82 Mutchler, M.; Bond, H. E.; Christian, C. A. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 119, Issue 851 https://doi.org/10.1086/511160	journal	January 2007
The Millennium Galaxy Catalogue: The Luminosity Functions of Bulges and Disks and Their Implied Stellar Mass Densities Driver, Simon P.; Allen, Paul D.; Liske, Jochen The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 657, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/513106	journal	February 2007
The UV‐Optical Galaxy Color‐Magnitude Diagram. III. Constraints on Evolution from the Blue to the Red Sequence Martin, D. Christopher; Wyder, Ted K.; Schiminovich, David The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 173, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/516639	journal	December 2007
Galaxy Luminosity Functions to z ∼1 from DEEP2 and COMBO‐17: Implications for Red Galaxy Formation Faber, S. M.; Willmer, C. N. A.; Wolf, C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 665, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/519294	journal	August 2007
Galactic Bulges from Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Observations: Central Galaxian Objects, and Nuclear Profile Slopes Balcells, Marc; Graham, Alister W.; Peletier, Reynier F. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 665, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/519752	journal	August 2007
The Calibration and Data Products of GALEX Morrissey, Patrick; Conrow, Tim; Barlow, Tom A. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 173, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/520512	journal	December 2007
The UV‐Optical Galaxy Color‐Magnitude Diagram. I. Basic Properties Wyder, Ted K.; Martin, D. Christopher; Schiminovich, David The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 173, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/521402	journal	December 2007
The UV‐Optical Color Magnitude Diagram. II. Physical Properties and Morphological Evolution On and Off of a Star‐forming Sequence Schiminovich, David; Wyder, Ted K.; Martin, D. Christopher The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 173, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/524659	journal	December 2007
The Origin of Dwarf Ellipticals in the Virgo Cluster Boselli, A.; Boissier, S.; Cortese, L. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 674, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/525513	journal	February 2008
Metallicity Effects on Dust Properties in Starbursting Galaxies Engelbracht, C. W.; Rieke, G. H.; Gordon, K. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 678, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/529513	journal	May 2008
Constraints on the Self‐Interaction Cross Section of Dark Matter from Numerical Simulations of the Merging Galaxy Cluster 1E 0657−56 Randall, Scott W.; Markevitch, Maxim; Clowe, Douglas The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 679, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/587859	journal	June 2008
The Energy Output of the Universe from 0.1 to 1000 μm Driver, Simon P.; Popescu, Cristina C.; Tuffs, Richard J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 678, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/588582	journal	April 2008
High-Redshift Galaxy Kinematics: Constraints on Models of Disk Formation Robertson, Brant E.; Bullock, James S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 685, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/592329	journal	August 2008
The Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies Sheth, Kartik; Regan, Michael; Hinz, Joannah L. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 122, Issue 898 https://doi.org/10.1086/657638	journal	December 2010
Virgo Cluster Early-Type Dwarf Galaxies with the Sloan Digital sky Survey. iv. the Color-Magnitude Relation Lisker, Thorsten; Grebel, Eva K.; Binggeli, Bruno The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 135, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/135/1/380	journal	December 2007
Ages and Metallicities of Early-Type void Galaxies from line Strength Measurements Wegner, Gary; Grogin, Norman A. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 136, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/136/1/1	journal	May 2008
E/S0 GALAXIES ON THE BLUE COLOR-STELLAR MASS SEQUENCE AT z = 0: FADING MERGERS OR FUTURE SPIRALS? Kannappan, Sheila J.; Guie, Jocelly M.; Baker, Andrew J. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 138, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/138/2/579	journal	July 2009
The Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (Wise): Mission Description and Initial On-Orbit Performance Wright, Edward L.; Eisenhardt, Peter R. M.; Mainzer, Amy K. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 140, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/140/6/1868	journal	November 2010
THE NATURE OF DUSTY STARBURST GALAXIES IN A RICH CLUSTER ATz= 0.4: THE PROGENITORS OF LENTICULARS? Geach, James E.; Smail, Ian; Moran, Sean M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 691, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/691/1/783	journal	January 2009
RED NUGGETS AT z ∼ 1.5: COMPACT PASSIVE GALAXIES AND THE FORMATION OF THE KORMENDY RELATION Damjanov, Ivana; McCarthy, Patrick J.; Abraham, Roberto G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 695, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/695/1/101	journal	March 2009
The Millennium Galaxy Catalogue: Exploring the Color-Concentration Bimodality via Bulge-Disk Decomposition Cameron, Ewan; Driver, Simon P.; Graham, Alister W. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 699, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/699/1/105	journal	June 2009
THE DEAD SEQUENCE: A CLEAR BIMODALITY IN GALAXY COLORS FROM z = 0 to z = 2.5 Brammer, G. B.; Whitaker, K. E.; van Dokkum, P. G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 706, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/706/1/L173	journal	November 2009
Kinematic Properties as Probes of the Evolution of Dwarf Galaxies in the Virgo Cluster Toloba, E.; Boselli, A.; Gorgas, J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 707, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/707/1/L17	journal	November 2009
MASS AND ENVIRONMENT AS DRIVERS OF GALAXY EVOLUTION IN SDSS AND zCOSMOS AND THE ORIGIN OF THE SCHECHTER FUNCTION Peng, Ying-jie; Lilly, Simon J.; Kovač, Katarina The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 721, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/721/1/193	journal	August 2010
The First Galaxies: Assembly of Disks and Prospects for Direct Detection Pawlik, Andreas H.; Milosavljević, Miloš; Bromm, Volker The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 731, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/731/1/54	journal	March 2011
Measuring Reddening with Sloan Digital sky Survey Stellar Spectra and Recalibrating sfd Schlafly, Edward F.; Finkbeiner, Douglas P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 737, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/737/2/103	journal	August 2011
BREAKING THE LAW: THE M _bh - M _spheroid RELATIONS FOR CORE-SÉRSIC AND SÉRSIC GALAXIES Graham, Alister W. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 746, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/746/1/113	journal	January 2012
Updated mass Scaling Relations for Nuclear star Clusters and a Comparison to Supermassive Black Holes Scott, Nicholas; Graham, Alister W. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 763, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/763/2/76	journal	January 2013
THE M _BH - L _SPHEROID RELATION AT HIGH AND LOW MASSES, THE QUADRATIC GROWTH OF BLACK HOLES, AND INTERMEDIATE-MASS BLACK HOLE CANDIDATES Graham, Alister W.; Scott, Nicholas The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 764, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/764/2/151	journal	February 2013
Self-Perpetuating Spiral arms in disk Galaxies D’Onghia, Elena; Vogelsberger, Mark; Hernquist, Lars The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 766, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/766/1/34	journal	March 2013
The Supermassive Black hole Mass–Spheroid Stellar mass Relation for SÉRsic and Core-SÉRsic Galaxies Scott, Nicholas; Graham, Alister W.; Schombert, James The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 768, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/768/1/76	journal	April 2013
About the Linearity of the Color-Magnitude Relation of Early-Type Galaxies in the Virgo Cluster Smith Castelli, Analía V.; González, Nélida M.; Faifer, Favio R. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 772, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/772/1/68	journal	July 2013
Gas Regulation of Galaxies: the Evolution of the Cosmic Specific star Formation Rate, the Metallicity-Mass-Star-Formation rate Relation, and the Stellar Content of Halos Lilly, Simon J.; Carollo, C. Marcella; Pipino, Antonio The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 772, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/772/2/119	journal	July 2013
The Catalog of Edge-On disk Galaxies from Sdss. i. the Catalog and the Structural Parameters of Stellar Disks Bizyaev, D. V.; Kautsch, S. J.; Mosenkov, A. V. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 787, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/787/1/24	journal	April 2014
RECONSTRUCTING THE STELLAR MASS DISTRIBUTIONS OF GALAXIES USING S ⁴ G IRAC 3.6 AND 4.5 μm IMAGES. II. THE CONVERSION FROM LIGHT TO MASS Meidt, Sharon E.; Schinnerer, Eva; van de Ven, Glenn The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 788, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/788/2/144	journal	June 2014
BEYOND ELLIPSE(S): ACCURATELY MODELING THE ISOPHOTAL STRUCTURE OF GALAXIES WITH ISOFIT AND CMODEL Ciambur, B. C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 810, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/810/2/120	journal	September 2015
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THE HST EXTREME DEEP FIELD (XDF): COMBINING ALL ACS AND WFC3/IR DATA ON THE HUDF REGION INTO THE DEEPEST FIELD EVER Illingworth, G. D.; Magee, D.; Oesch, P. A. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 209, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/209/1/6	journal	October 2013
A CLASSICAL MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF GALAXIES IN THE SPITZER SURVEY OF STELLAR STRUCTURE IN GALAXIES (S ⁴ G) Buta, Ronald J.; Sheth, Kartik; Athanassoula, E. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 217, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/217/2/32	journal	April 2015
THE SPITZER SURVEY OF STELLAR STRUCTURE IN GALAXIES (S ⁴ G): MULTI-COMPONENT DECOMPOSITION STRATEGIES AND DATA RELEASE Salo, Heikki; Laurikainen, Eija; Laine, Jarkko The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 219, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/219/1/4	journal	July 2015
Ngc 404: a Rejuvenated Lenticular Galaxy on a Merger-Induced, Blueward Excursion into the Green Valley Thilker, David A.; Bianchi, Luciana; Schiminovich, David The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 714, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/714/1/L171	journal	April 2010
The Fossil Record of Two-Phase Galaxy Assembly: Kinematics and Metallicities in the Nearest s0 Galaxy Arnold, Jacob A.; Romanowsky, Aaron J.; Brodie, Jean P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 736, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/736/2/L26	journal	July 2011
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The Motions and the Distances of Spiral Nebul .: (Plates 18, 19.) Lundmark, K. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 85, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/85.8.865	journal	June 1925
The SAMI galaxy survey: a range in S0 properties indicating multiple formation pathways Deeley, Simon; Drinkwater, Michael J.; Sweet, Sarah M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 498, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2417	journal	July 2020
The two formation pathways of S0 galaxies Deeley, Simon; Drinkwater, Michael J.; Sweet, Sarah M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 508, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab2007	journal	September 2021
A Chandra Virgo cluster survey of spiral galaxies – I. Introduction to the survey and a new ULX sample Soria, Roberto; Kolehmainen, Mari; Graham, Alister W. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 512, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac148	journal	January 2022
Formation of S0s in extreme environments III: the role of environment in the formation pathways Coccato, Lodovico; Fraser-McKelvie, Amelia; Jaffé, Yara L. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 515, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac1764	journal	June 2022
Appreciating mergers for understanding the non-linear Mbh–M,spheroid and Mbh–M, galaxy relations, updated herein, and the implications for the (reduced) role of AGN feedback Graham, Alister W.; Sahu, Nandini Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 518, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac2019	journal	November 2022
Quashing a suspected selection bias in galaxy samples having dynamically measured supermassive black holes Sahu, Nandini; Graham, Alister W.; Hon, Dexter S-H Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 518, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac2902	journal	October 2022
Invoking the virial theorem to understand the impact of (dry) mergers on the Mbh–σ relation Graham, Alister W. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 518, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac3173	journal	November 2022
Forensic reconstruction of galaxy colour evolution and population characterization Bravo, Matías; Robotham, Aaron S. G.; Lagos, Claudia del P. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 511, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac321	journal	February 2022
Star-forming S0 Galaxies in SDSS-MaNGA: fading spirals or rejuvenated S0s? Rathore, Himansh; Kumar, Kavin; Mishra, Preetish K. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 513, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac871	journal	March 2022
Reading the tea leaves in the Mbh–M*,sph and Mbh–Re,sph diagrams: dry and gaseous mergers with remnant angular momentum Graham, Alister W.; Sahu, Nandini Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 520, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad087	journal	January 2023
Resequencing the Hubble sequence and the quadratic (black hole mass)–(spheroid stellar mass) relation for elliptical galaxies Graham, Alister W. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 522, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad1124	journal	May 2023
The metallicity dependence of the stellar initial mass function Tanvir, Tabassum S.; Krumholz, Mark R. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 527, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad3581	journal	November 2023
Specific star formation rates in the Mbh-M,sph diagram and the evolutionary pathways of galaxies across the sSFR-M diagram Graham, Alister W.; Jarrett, T. H.; Cluver, M. E. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 527, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad3795	journal	December 2023
Splitting the lentils: Clues to galaxy/black hole coevolution from the discovery of offset relations for non-dusty versus dusty (wet-merger-built) lenticular galaxies in theMbh–M,spheroid andMbh–M,galaxy diagrams Graham, Alister W. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 521, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad529	journal	February 2023
New colour–mass-to-light relations: the role of the asymptotic giant branch phase and of interstellar dust Into, Tom; Portinari, Laura Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 430, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt071	journal	February 2013
The Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey – XIV. Transition-type dwarf galaxies in the Virgo cluster De Looze, Ilse; Baes, Maarten; Boselli, Alessandro Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 436, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt1626	journal	September 2013
Gas infall into atomic cooling haloes: on the formation of protogalactic discs and supermassive black holes at z > 10 Prieto, Joaquin; Jimenez, Raul; Haiman, Zoltán Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 436, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt1730	journal	October 2013
The stellar IMF in early-type galaxies from a non-degenerate set of optical line indices Spiniello, Chiara; Trager, Scott; Koopmans, Léon V. E. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 438, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt2282	journal	December 2013
Depleted cores, multicomponent fits, and structural parameter relations for luminous early-type galaxies Dullo, Bililign T.; Graham, Alister W. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 444, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu1590	journal	September 2014
MegaMorph – multiwavelength measurement of galaxy structure: physically meaningful bulge–disc decomposition of galaxies near and far Vika, Marina; Bamford, Steven P.; Häußler, Boris Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 444, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu1696	journal	September 2014
The green valley is a red herring: Galaxy Zoo reveals two evolutionary pathways towards quenching of star formation in early- and late-type galaxies★ Schawinski, Kevin; Urry, C. Megan; Simmons, Brooke D. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 440, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu327	journal	March 2014
H-ATLAS/GAMA and HeViCS – dusty early-type galaxies in different environments Agius, N. K.; di Serego Alighieri, S.; Viaene, S. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 451, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv1191	journal	June 2015
On the uncertainties of stellar mass estimates via colour measurements Roediger, Joel C.; Courteau, Stéphane Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 452, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv1499	journal	July 2015
Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): the stellar mass budget by galaxy type Moffett, Amanda J.; Ingarfield, Stephen A.; Driver, Simon P. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 457, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv2883	journal	February 2016
Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): understanding the wavelength dependence of galaxy structure with bulge-disc decompositions Kennedy, Rebecca; Bamford, Steven P.; Häußler, Boris Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 460, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw1176	journal	May 2016
SDSS-IV MaNGA – the spatially resolved transition from star formation to quiescence Belfiore, Francesco; Maiolino, Roberto; Maraston, Claudia Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 466, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw3211	journal	December 2016
Quantifying the (X/peanut)-shaped structure in edge-on disc galaxies: length, strength, and nested peanuts Ciambur, Bogdan C.; Graham, Alister W. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 459, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw759	journal	April 2016
The SLUGGS Survey: trails of SLUGGS galaxies in a modified spin-ellipticity diagram Bellstedt, Sabine; Graham, Alister W.; Forbes, Duncan A. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 470, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1348	journal	May 2017
On the interdependence of galaxy morphology, star formation and environment in massive galaxies in the nearby Universe Bait, Omkar; Barway, Sudhanshu; Wadadekar, Yogesh Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 471, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1688	journal	July 2017
Updating the (supermassive black hole mass)–(spiral arm pitch angle) relation: a strong correlation for galaxies with pseudobulges Davis, Benjamin L.; Graham, Alister W.; Seigar, Marc S. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 471, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1794	journal	July 2017
The new galaxy evolution paradigm revealed by the Herschel surveys Eales, Stephen; Smith, Dan; Bourne, Nathan Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 473, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx2548	journal	October 2017
The formation of S0 galaxies with counter-rotating neutral and molecular hydrogen Bassett, Robert; Bekki, Kenji; Cortese, Luca Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 471, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx958	journal	May 2017
Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA): Morphological transformation of galaxies across the green valley Bremer, M. N.; Phillipps, S.; Kelvin, L. S. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 476, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty124	journal	January 2018
The causes of the red sequence, the blue cloud, the green valley, and the green mountain Eales, Stephen A.; Baes, Maarten; Bourne, Nathan Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 481, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2220	journal	August 2018
Expected intermediate mass black holes in the Virgo cluster. II. Late-type galaxies Graham, Alister W.; Soria, Roberto; Davis, Benjamin L. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty3068	journal	December 2018
The Mass-to-light Ratios and the Star Formation Histories of Disk Galaxies Schombert, James; McGaugh, Stacy; Lelli, Federico Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty3223	journal	November 2018
S0 galaxies are faded spirals: clues from their angular momentum content Rizzo, Francesca; Fraternali, Filippo; Iorio, Giuliano Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 476, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty347	journal	February 2018
SDSS-IV MaNGA: the spatially resolved stellar initial mass function in ∼400 early-type galaxies Parikh, Taniya; Thomas, Daniel; Maraston, Claudia Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 477, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty785	journal	March 2018
Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA): variation in galaxy structure across the green valley Kelvin, Lee S.; Bremer, Malcolm N.; Phillipps, Steven Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 477, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty933	journal	April 2018
Quenching time-scales of galaxies in the eagle simulations Wright, Ruby J.; Lagos, Claudia del P.; Davies, Luke J. M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1410	journal	May 2019
A galaxy classification grid that better recognises early-type galaxy morphology Graham, Alister W. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1623	journal	June 2019
Star-forming, rotating spheroidal galaxies in the GAMA and SAMI surveys Moffett, Amanda J.; Phillipps, Steven; Robotham, Aaron S. G. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 489, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2237	journal	August 2019
A consistency test for determining whether ultracompact dwarf galaxies could be the remnant nuclei of threshed galaxies Graham, Alister W. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 492, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3547	journal	December 2019
An extremely low gas-to-dust ratio in the dust-lane lenticular galaxy NGC 5485★ Baes, Maarten; Allaert, Flor; Sarzi, Marc Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 444, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slu121	journal	August 2014
Disc growth and quenching Peng, Ying-jie; Renzini, Alvio Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 491, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slz163	journal	October 2019
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Stellar populations of Virgo cluster early-type dwarf galaxies with and without discs: a dichotomy in age? Paudel, Sanjaya; Lisker, Thorsten; Kuntschner, Harald Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16507.x	journal	April 2010
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The intriguing H i gas in NGC 5253: an infall of a diffuse, low-metallicity H i cloud?★: Intriguing H i gas in NGC 5253 López-Sánchez, Á. R.; Koribalski, B. S.; van Eymeren, J. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 419, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19762.x	journal	November 2011
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Spiral morphology in an intensely star-forming disk galaxy more than 12 billion years ago Tsukui, Takafumi; Iguchi, Satoru Science, Vol. 372, Issue 6547 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe9680	journal	June 2021
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Evidence for Initial Mass Function Variation in Massive Early-Type Galaxies Smith, Russell J. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 58, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-020217	journal	August 2020
Observational Evidence of Active Galactic Nuclei Feedback Fabian, A. C. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 50, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125521	journal	September 2012
Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies Kormendy, John; Ho, Luis C. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 51, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101811	journal	August 2013
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Disky Elliptical Galaxies and the Allegedly Over-Massive Black hole in the Compact Massive “es” Galaxy ngc 1271 Graham, Alister W.; Ciambur, Bogdan C.; Savorgnan, Giulia A. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 831, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/132	journal	November 2016
Supermassive Black Holes and Their host Spheroids. i. Disassembling Galaxies Savorgnan, G. A. D.; Graham, A. W. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 222, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/0067-0049/222/1/10	journal	January 2016
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Colors of Dwarf Ellipticals from GALEX to WISE Schombert, James M. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 155, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aaa40e	journal	January 2018
Stellar Mass-to-light Ratios: Composite Bulge+Disk Models and the Baryonic Tully–Fisher Relation Schombert, James; McGaugh, Stacy; Lelli, Federico The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 163, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac5249	journal	March 2022
The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS). XXIV. The Red Sequence to ∼10 ⁶ L _⊙ and Comparisons with Galaxy Formation Models Roediger, Joel C.; Ferrarese, Laura; Côté, Patrick The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 836, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/836/1/120	journal	February 2017
Implications for the Origin of Early-type Dwarf Galaxies: A Detailed Look at the Isolated Rotating Early-type Dwarf Galaxy LEDA 2108986 (CG 611), Ramifications for the Fundamental Plane’s Kinematic Scaling, and the Spin–Ellipticity Diagram Graham, Alister W.; Janz, Joachim; Penny, Samantha J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 840, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa6e56	journal	May 2017
The Most Ancient Spiral Galaxy: A 2.6-Gyr-old Disk with a Tranquil Velocity Field Yuan, Tiantian; Richard, Johan; Gupta, Anshu The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 850, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa951d	journal	November 2017
The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Gravitational Potential and Surface Density Drive Stellar Populations. I. Early-type Galaxies Barone, Tania M.; D’Eugenio, Francesco; Colless, Matthew The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 856, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaaf6e	journal	March 2018
Black Hole Mass Scaling Relations for Spiral Galaxies. I. M _BH – M _*,sph Davis, Benjamin L.; Graham, Alister W.; Cameron, Ewan The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 873, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaf3b8	journal	March 2019
Black Hole Mass Scaling Relations for Early-type Galaxies. I. M _BH–M _, _sph and M _BH–M _,gal Sahu, Nandini; Graham, Alister W.; Davis, Benjamin L. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 876, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab0f32	journal	May 2019
The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS). XIV. The Discovery of Low-mass Galaxies and a New Galaxy Catalog in the Core of the Virgo Cluster Ferrarese, Laura; Côté, Patrick; MacArthur, Lauren A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 890, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab339f	journal	February 2020
Revealing Hidden Substructures in the M _BH – σ Diagram, and Refining the Bend in the L – σ Relation Sahu, Nandini; Graham, Alister W.; Davis, Benjamin L. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab50b7	journal	December 2019
The Black Hole Mass–Color Relations for Early- and Late-type Galaxies: Red and Blue Sequences Dullo, Bililign T.; Bouquin, Alexandre Y. K.; de Paz, Armando Gil The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 898, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab9dff	journal	July 2020
Frequency of Tidal Features Correlates with Age and Internal Structure of Early-type Galaxies Yoon, Yongmin; Lim, Gu The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 905, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc621	journal	December 2020
The Gas Kinematics, Excitation, and Chemistry, in Connection with Star Formation, in Lenticular Galaxies Sil’chenko, Olga K.; Moiseev, Alexei V.; Egorov, Oleg V. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 244, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab3415	journal	September 2019
Quiescence Correlates Strongly with Directly Measured Black hole mass in Central Galaxies Terrazas, Bryan A.; Bell, Eric F.; Henriques, Bruno M. B. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 830, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/830/1/L12	journal	October 2016
Forming Lenticular Galaxies via Violent Disk Instability Saha, Kanak; Cortesi, Arianna The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 862, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aad23a	journal	July 2018
First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole Akiyama, Kazunori; Alberdi, Antxon; Alef, Walter The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 875, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0e85	journal	April 2019
The universal variability of the stellar initial mass function probed by the TIMER survey Martín-Navarro, Ignacio; de Lorenzo-Cáceres, Adriana; Gadotti, Dimitri A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2312.13355	preprint	January 2023
IC3328: a "dwarf elliptical galaxy" with spiral structure Jerjen, Helmut; Kalnajs, Agris; Binggeli, Bruno arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/0004248	preprint	January 2000
The consequences of ram pressure stripping on the Virgo cluster spiral galaxy NGC 4522 Vollmer, B.; Marcelin, M.; Amram, P. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/0012386	preprint	January 2000
Near-infrared and optical broadband surface photometry of 86 face-on disk dominated galaxies. II. A two-dimensional method to determine bulge and disk parameters de Jong, Roelof S. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9601002	preprint	January 1996
Origin of the colour-magnitude relation of elliptical galaxies Kodama, Tadayuki; Arimoto, Nobuo arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9609160	text	January 1996
Ages and Metallicities in Elliptical Galaxies from the H_beta, , and Mg2 Diagnostics Tantalo, R.; Chiosi, C.; Bressan, A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9710246	preprint	January 1997
The number of the nebulae Perrine, Charles Dillon Lick Observatory Bulletins, Vol. 3 https://doi.org/10.5479/ADS/bib/1904LicOB.3.47P	journal	January 1904

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