Relationships between maternally-transferred mercury and hatchling development, behavior, and survival in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

Johnson, Josiah M.; Bock, Samantha L.; Smaga, Christopher R.; Lambert, Max R.; Rainwater, Thomas R.; Wilkinson, Philip M.; Parrott, Benjamin B.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162010

Relationships between maternally-transferred mercury and hatchling development, behavior, and survival in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

Journal Article · Thu Feb 02 00:00:00 EST 2023 · Science of the Total Environment

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162010· OSTI ID:2350659

Johnson, Josiah M. ^[1]; Bock, Samantha L. ^[2]; Smaga, Christopher R. ^[2]; Lambert, Max R. ^[3]; Rainwater, Thomas R. ^[4]; Wilkinson, Philip M. ^[5]; Parrott, Benjamin B. ^[2]

Savannah River Site (SRS), Aiken, SC (United States). Savannah River Ecology Laboratory (SREL); Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States); Savannah River Ecology Laboratory - University of Georgia
Savannah River Site (SRS), Aiken, SC (United States). Savannah River Ecology Laboratory (SREL); Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States)
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Clemson Univ., Georgetown, SC (United States); Tom Yawkey Wildlife Center, Georgetown, SC (United States)
Tom Yawkey Wildlife Center, Georgetown, SC (United States)

Mercury is a toxic and pervasive environmental contaminant that can be transferred from mother to offspring during development. Consequences of maternally-transferred mercury have been observed in vertebrate taxa, including reduced clutch viability, reduced offspring size, and behavioral alterations. These sublethal effects have been assumed to decrease survivorship, though this is seldom assessed. Here, we examined how maternally-transferred mercury interacts with incubation temperature to influence reproductive success, offspring behavior, and subsequent survival in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). We collected nine clutches of eggs from a mercury contaminated reservoir on the Savannah River Site, South Carolina, and incubated eggs at either female- or male-promoting temperatures. Clutch-averaged mercury in egg yolk was high relative to other studies in crocodilians and ranged from 0.248 to 0.554 ppm compared to 0.018–0.052 ppm at a site with low levels of mercury contamination; mercury levels in hatchling blood ranged from 0.090 to 0.490 ppm ($$\overline{x}$$= 0.240 ppm, n = 158). We found few, mostly negligible correlations between life history traits and mercury but noted a positive relationship with egg mass, possibly mediated by correlated maternal effects such as resource provisioning. Incubation temperature exerted strong effects on hatchling phenotypes, with warmer, male-promoting temperatures producing larger and bolder hatchlings. Presumptive females, produced from cooler incubation temperatures, spent more time in warm areas during behavior trials. Hatchlings were released 10–15 days post-hatch and surveyed over eight months to assess survival. Survivorship was positively correlated with hatchling size and negatively correlated with proportional time spent in warm areas. Presumptive females had much lower survival, and overall survivorship for the eight-month period was 0.185–0.208, depending on the modelling approach. Finally, our study suggests that, within the range of concentrations we observed, incubation temperature has a stronger effect on offspring behavior and survival than maternally-transferred mercury pollution in American alligators.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Savannah River Site (SRS), Aiken, SC (United States). Savannah River Ecology Laboratory (SREL)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Environmental Management (EM)

Grant/Contract Number:: EM0005228

OSTI ID:: 2350659

Journal Information:: Science of the Total Environment, Journal Name: Science of the Total Environment Vol. 870; ISSN 0048-9697

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Relationships between maternally-transferred mercury and hatchling development, behavior, and survival in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

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