Plant physical defenses contribute to a latitudinal gradient in resistance to insect herbivory within a widespread perennial grass

Headrick, Kevin C.; Juenger, Thomas E.; Heckman, Robert W.

doi:10.1002/ajb2.16260

Plant physical defenses contribute to a latitudinal gradient in resistance to insect herbivory within a widespread perennial grass

Journal Article · Wed Nov 29 00:00:00 EST 2023 · American Journal of Botany

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.16260· OSTI ID:2338310

^[1]; ^[2]; ^[2]

Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (United States); University of Texas at Austin
Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (United States)

Premise: Herbivore pressure can vary across the range of a species, resulting in different defensive strategies. If herbivory is greater at lower latitudes, plants may be better defended there, potentially driving a latitudinal gradient in defense. However, relationships that manifest across the entire range of a species may be confounded by differences within genetic subpopulations, which may obscure the drivers of these latitudinal gradients. Methods: We grew plants of the widespread perennial grass Panicum virgatum in a common garden that included genotypes from three genetic subpopulations spanning an 18.5° latitudinal gradient. We then assessed defensive strategies of these plants by measuring two physical resistance traits—leaf mass per area (LMA) and leaf ash, a proxy for silica—and multiple measures of herbivory by caterpillars of the generalist herbivore fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Results: Across all genetic subpopulations, low-latitude plants experienced less herbivory than high-latitude plants. Within genetic subpopulations, however, this relationship was inconsistent—the most widely distributed and phenotypically variable subpopulation (Atlantic) exhibited more consistent latitudinal trends than either of the other two subpopulations. The two physical resistance traits, LMA and leaf ash, were both highly heritable and positively associated with resistance to different measures of herbivory across all subpopulations, indicating their importance in defense against herbivores. Again, however, these relationships were inconsistent within subpopulations. Conclusions: Defensive gradients that occur across the entire species range may not arise within localized subpopulations. Thus, identifying the drivers of latitudinal gradients in herbivory defense may depend on adequately sampling the diversity within a species.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (United States); University of Texas at Austin, TX (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0014156; SC0021126

OSTI ID:: 2338310

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 2448004

Journal Information:: American Journal of Botany, Journal Name: American Journal of Botany Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 111; ISSN 0002-9122

Publisher:: Wiley - Botanical Society of AmericaCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (84)

Optimal defense theory explains deviations from latitudinal herbivory defense hypothesis Kooyers, Nicholas J.; Blackman, Benjamin K.; Holeski, Liza M. Ecology, Vol. 98, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1731	journal	April 2017
A scale‐dependent framework for trade‐offs, syndromes, and specialization in organismal biology Agrawal, Anurag A. Ecology, Vol. 101, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2924	journal	January 2020
Latitudinal resource gradient shapes multivariate defense strategies in a long‐lived shrub Croy, Jordan R.; Pratt, Jessica D.; Mooney, Kailen A. Ecology, Vol. 103, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3830	journal	September 2022
Status and prospects of genome‐wide association studies in plants Tibbs Cortes, Laura; Zhang, Zhiwu; Yu, Jianming The Plant Genome, Vol. 14, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/tpg2.20077	journal	January 2021
Switchgrass Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics Casler, Michael D. Green Energy and Technology (book series) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2903-5_2	book	January 2012
Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) Deshmukh, Sharanabasappa S.; Prasanna, B. M.; Kalleshwaraswamy, C. M. Polyphagous Pests of Crops https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8075-8_8	book	January 2021
A hypothesis to explain outbreaks of looper caterpillars, with special reference to populations of Selidosema suavis in a plantation of Pinus radiata in New Zealand White, T. C. R. Oecologia, Vol. 16, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00344738	journal	January 1974
Modification of esterified cell wall phenolics increases vulnerability of tall fescue to herbivory by the fall armyworm Buanafina, Marcia M. de O.; Fescemyer, Howard W. Planta, Vol. 236, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-012-1625-y	journal	March 2012
Delayed induced silica defences in grasses and their potential for destabilising herbivore population dynamics Reynolds, Jennifer J. H.; Lambin, Xavier; Massey, Fergus P. Oecologia, Vol. 170, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-012-2326-8	journal	April 2012
Soil nutrient additions increase invertebrate herbivore abundances, but not herbivory, across three grassland systems La Pierre, Kimberly J.; Smith, Melinda D. Oecologia, Vol. 180, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-015-3471-7	journal	October 2015
A growth–defense trade-off is general across native and exotic grasses Heckman, Robert W.; Halliday, Fletcher W.; Mitchell, Charles E. Oecologia, Vol. 191, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-019-04507-9	journal	September 2019
Differential resistance of switchgrass Panicum virgatum L. lines to fall armyworms Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) Dowd, Patrick F.; Johnson, Eric T. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, Vol. 56, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-009-9430-6	journal	April 2009
Insect resistance of a full sib family of tetraploid switchgrass Panicum virgatum L. with varying lignin levels Dowd, Patrick F.; Sarath, Gautam; Mitchell, Robert B. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, Vol. 60, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-012-9893-8	journal	August 2012
Evolutionary Potential of Root Chemical Defense: Genetic Correlations with Shoot Chemistry and Plant Growth Parker, J. D.; Salminen, J. -P.; Agrawal, Anurag A. Journal of Chemical Ecology, Vol. 38, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-012-0163-1	journal	July 2012
The defense hypothesis of elemental hyperaccumulation: status, challenges and new directions Boyd, Robert S. Plant and Soil, Vol. 293, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9240-6	journal	March 2007
Genetic improvement of C4 grasses as cellulosic biofuel feedstocks Jakob, Katrin; Zhou, Fasong; Paterson, Andrew H. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, Vol. 45, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-009-9214-x	journal	May 2009
On optimal oviposition behavior in phytophagous insects Jaenike, John Theoretical Population Biology, Vol. 14, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-5809(78)90012-6	journal	December 1978
Mineral composition and ash content of six major energy crops Monti, Andrea; Di Virgilio, Nicola; Venturi, Gianpietro Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 32, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.09.012	journal	March 2008
Ash reduction strategies in corn stover facilitated by anatomical and size fractionation Lacey, Jeffrey A.; Emerson, Rachel M.; Thompson, David N. Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 90 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.04.006	journal	July 2016
Evidence for copper homeostasis function of metallothionein (MT3) in the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens Roosens, Nancy H.; Bernard, Catherine; Leplae, Raphael FEBS Letters, Vol. 577, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2004.08.084	journal	October 2004
Silica distinctively affects cell wall features and lignocellulosic saccharification with large enhancement on biomass production in rice Zhang, Jing; Zou, Weihua; Li, Ying Plant Science, Vol. 239 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.07.014	journal	October 2015
Nitrate metabolism in tobacco leaves overexpressing Arabidopsis nitrite reductase Davenport, Susie; Le Lay, Pascaline; Sanchez-Tamburrrino, Juan Pablo Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Vol. 97 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.09.013	journal	December 2015
Identification of genes potentially related to herbivore resistance in OPR3 overexpression rice by microarray analysis Guo, Hui-Min; Sun, Shi-Chen; Zhang, Feng-Ming Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, Vol. 92 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2015.05.008	journal	October 2015
Plant structural traits and their role in anti-herbivore defence Hanley, Mick E.; Lamont, Byron B.; Fairbanks, Meredith M. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, Vol. 8, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2007.01.001	journal	July 2007
Evolutionary genetics of plant adaptation Anderson, Jill T.; Willis, John H.; Mitchell-Olds, Thomas Trends in Genetics, Vol. 27, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2011.04.001	journal	July 2011
Sources of Controversy Surrounding Latitudinal Patterns in Herbivory and Defense Anstett, Daniel N.; Nunes, Krystal A.; Baskett, Carina Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 31, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2016.07.011	journal	October 2016
Mapping quantitative trait loci in plants: uses and caveats for evolutionary biology Mauricio, Rodney Nature Reviews Genetics, Vol. 2, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/35072085	journal	May 2001
Integrating plant-to-plant communication and rhizosphere microbial dynamics: ecological and evolutionary implications and a call for experimental rigor Howard, Mia M.; Bass, Ethan; Chautá, Alexander The ISME Journal, Vol. 16, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-01063-0	journal	July 2021
Change in dominance determines herbivore effects on plant biodiversity Koerner, Sally E.; Smith, Melinda D.; Burkepile, Deron E. Nature Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 2, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0696-y	journal	October 2018
Genomic mechanisms of climate adaptation in polyploid bioenergy switchgrass Lovell, John T.; MacQueen, Alice H.; Mamidi, Sujan Nature, Vol. 590, Issue 7846 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03127-1	journal	January 2021
Leaf traits and herbivore selection in the field and in cafeteria experiments Pérez‐Harguindeguy, Natalia; Díaz, Sandra; Vendramini, Fernanda Austral Ecology, Vol. 28, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01321.x	journal	November 2003
New handbook for standardised measurement of plant functional traits worldwide Pérez-Harguindeguy, N.; Díaz, S.; Garnier, E. Australian Journal of Botany, Vol. 61, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT12225	journal	January 2013
Ecological modulation of plant defense via phytochrome control of jasmonate sensitivity Moreno, J. E.; Tao, Y.; Chory, J. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900701106	journal	February 2009
Statistical significance for genomewide studies Storey, J. D.; Tibshirani, R. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 100, Issue 16, p. 9440-9445 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1530509100	journal	July 2003
Community Structure, Population Control, and Competition Hairston, Nelson G.; Smith, Frederick E.; Slobodkin, Lawrence B. The American Naturalist, Vol. 94, Issue 879 https://doi.org/10.1086/282146	journal	November 1960
Adaptations between Ecotypes and along Environmental Gradients in Panicum virgatum Lowry, David B.; Behrman, Kathrine D.; Grabowski, Paul The American Naturalist, Vol. 183, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1086/675760	journal	May 2014
Leaf Defence Farmer, Edward E. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671441.001.0001	journal	May 2014
Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform Li, H.; Durbin, R. Bioinformatics, Vol. 25, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp324	journal	May 2009
Effect of Switchgrass Ecotype and Cultivar on Establishment, Feeding, and Development of Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Schuh, Marissa K.; Bahlai, Christie A.; Malmstrom, Carolyn M. Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 112, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy292	journal	October 2018
Silica and Ash in Tissues of Some Coastal Plants Lanning, F. C.; Eleuterius, L. N. Annals of Botany, Vol. 51, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086534	journal	June 1983
Silica and Ash in Native Plants of the Central and Southeastern Regions of the United States Lanning, F. C.; Eleuterius, L. N. Annals of Botany, Vol. 60, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087456	journal	October 1987
Gene-by-environment interactions in plants: Molecular mechanisms, environmental drivers, and adaptive plasticity Napier, Joseph D.; Heckman, Robert W.; Juenger, Thomas E. The Plant Cell, Vol. 35, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koac322	journal	November 2022
The ecology of herbivore‐induced silicon defences in grasses Hartley, Susan E.; DeGabriel, Jane L. Functional Ecology, Vol. 30, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12706	journal	July 2016
Plant biomass, not plant economics traits, determines responses of soil CO ₂ efflux to precipitation in the C ₄ grass Panicum virgatum Heckman, Robert W.; Khasanova, Albina R.; Johnson, Nicholas S. Journal of Ecology, Vol. 108, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13382	journal	April 2020
Can genetically based clines in plant defence explain greater herbivory at higher latitudes? Anstett, Daniel N.; Ahern, Jeffrey R.; Glinos, Julia Ecology Letters, Vol. 18, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12532	journal	October 2015
Latitudinal patterns of herbivore pressure in a temperate herb support the biotic interactions hypothesis Baskett, Carina A.; Schemske, Douglas W. Ecology Letters, Vol. 21, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12925	journal	February 2018
Mechanisms underlying global temperature-related patterns in leaf longevity: Mechanism of leaf longevity patterns Kikuzawa, Kihachiro; Onoda, Yusuke; Wright, Ian J. Global Ecology and Biogeography, Vol. 22, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12042	journal	January 2013
Matching plant defence syndromes with performance and preference of a specialist herbivore Travers‐Martin, Nora; Müller, Caroline Functional Ecology, Vol. 22, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01487.x	journal	November 2008
Ecological genetics and genomics of plant defences: evidence and approaches Anderson, Jill T.; Mitchell‐Olds, Thomas Functional Ecology, Vol. 25, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01785.x	journal	September 2010
Assessing the evidence for latitudinal gradients in plant defence and herbivory: Latitudinal gradients in herbivory and defence Moles, Angela T.; Bonser, Stephen P.; Poore, Alistair G. B. Functional Ecology, Vol. 25, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01814.x	journal	December 2010
An ecologist’s guide to the animal model Wilson, Alastair J.; Réale, Denis; Clements, Michelle N. Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 79, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01639.x	journal	January 2010
Sequence of arrival determines plant‐mediated interactions between herbivores Erb, Matthias; Robert, Christelle A. M.; Hibbard, Bruce E. Journal of Ecology, Vol. 99, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01757.x	journal	December 2010
A meta‐analysis of preference–performance relationships in phytophagous insects Gripenberg, Sofia; Mayhew, Peter J.; Parnell, Mark Ecology Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01433.x	journal	February 2010
Global patterns of leaf mechanical properties: Global patterns of leaf mechanical properties Onoda, Yusuke; Westoby, Mark; Adler, Peter B. Ecology Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01582.x	journal	January 2011
Latitudinal patterns in plant defense: evolution of cardenolides, their toxicity and induction following herbivory Rasmann, Sergio; Agrawal, Anurag A. Ecology Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01609.x	journal	March 2011
Importance of plasticity and decision‐making strategies for plant resource acquisition in spatio‐temporally variable environments Magyar, Gabriella; Kun, Ádám; Oborny, Beáta New Phytologist, Vol. 174, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.01969.x	journal	January 2007
Putting plant resistance traits on the map: a test of the idea that plants are better defended at lower latitudes Moles, Angela T.; Wallis, Ian R.; Foley, William J. New Phytologist, Vol. 191, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03732.x	journal	May 2011
Grasshoppers cope with low host plant quality by compensatory feeding and food selection: N limitation challenged Berner, Daniel; Blanckenhorn, Wolf U.; Körner, Christian Oikos, Vol. 111, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2005.14144.x	journal	November 2005
The effects of plant quality on caterpillar growth and defense against natural enemies D. Coley, P.; L. Bateman, M.; A. Kursar, T. Oikos, Vol. 115, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14928.x	journal	July 2006
Correlations between physical and chemical defences in plants: tradeoffs, syndromes, or just many different ways to skin a herbivorous cat? Moles, Angela T.; Peco, Begoña; Wallis, Ian R. New Phytologist, Vol. 198, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12116	journal	January 2013
Genotypic variation in traits linked to climate and aboveground productivity in a widespread C ₄ grass: evidence for a functional trait syndrome Aspinwall, Michael J.; Lowry, David B.; Taylor, Samuel H. New Phytologist, Vol. 199, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12341	journal	May 2013
Geographic variation in the genetic basis of resistance to leaf rust between locally adapted ecotypes of the biofuel crop switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum ) VanWallendael, Acer; Bonnette, Jason; Juenger, Thomas E. New Phytologist, Vol. 227, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16555	journal	April 2020
Herbivores Promote Habitat Specialization by Trees in Amazonian Forests Fine, P. V. A. Science, Vol. 305, Issue 5684 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1098982	journal	July 2004
Plant Defense Against Herbivores: Chemical Aspects Mithöfer, Axel; Boland, Wilhelm Annual Review of Plant Biology, Vol. 63, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103854	journal	June 2012
Abundant Genetic Variation + Strong Selection = Multivariate Genetic Constraints: A Geometric View of Adaptation Walsh, Bruce; Blows, Mark W. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Vol. 40, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120232	journal	December 2009
Is There a Latitudinal Gradient in the Importance of Biotic Interactions? Schemske, Douglas W.; Mittelbach, Gary G.; Cornell, Howard V. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Vol. 40, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173430	journal	December 2009
Insect Herbivores and Plant Population Dynamics Crawley, M. J. Annual Review of Entomology, Vol. 34, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.002531	journal	January 1989
Insect Communities, Grasses, and Grasslands Tscharntke, T.; Greiler, H. J. Annual Review of Entomology, Vol. 40, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.40.010195.002535	journal	January 1995
Herbivory in Relation to Plant Nitrogen Content Mattson, W. J. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.11.110180.001003	journal	November 1980
Whole genome comparisons reveal panmixia among fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) from diverse locations Schlum, Katrina A.; Lamour, Kurt; de Bortoli, Caroline Placidi BMC Genomics, Vol. 22, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-021-07492-7	journal	March 2021
The impact of silicon on cell wall composition and enzymatic saccharification of Brachypodium distachyon Głazowska, Sylwia; Baldwin, Laetitia; Mravec, Jozef Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-018-1166-0	journal	June 2018
Genome-Assisted Prediction of Quantitative Traits Using the R Package sommer Covarrubias-Pazaran, Giovanny PLOS ONE, Vol. 11, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156744	journal	June 2016
Nonsensical choices? Fall armyworm moths choose seemingly best or worst hosts for their larvae, but neonate larvae make their own choices Rojas, Julio C.; Kolomiets, Michael V.; Bernal, Julio S. PLOS ONE, Vol. 13, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197628	journal	May 2018
Bioenergy Crops Miscanthus × giganteus and Panicum virgatum Reduce Growth and Survivorship of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Nabity, Paul D.; Zangerl, Arthur R.; Berenbaum, May R. Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 104, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1603/EC10311	journal	April 2011
Silica and Nitrogen Modulate Physical Defense Against Chewing Insect Herbivores in Bioenergy Crops Miscanthus × giganteus and Panicum virgatum (Poaceae) Nabity, P. D.; Orpet, R.; Miresmailli, S. Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 105, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1603/EC11424	journal	June 2012
Plant Defense Syndromes Agrawal, Anurag A.; Fishbein, Mark Ecology, Vol. 87, Issue sp7 https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[132:PDS]2.0.CO;2	journal	July 2006
Latitudinal gradients in herbivory on Oenothera biennis vary according to herbivore guild and specialization Anstett, Daniel N.; Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona; Johnson, Marc T. J. Ecology, Vol. 95, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0932.1	journal	October 2014
Silica as a Defense against Herbivory and a Growth Promotor in African Grasses McNaughton, S. J.; Tarrants, J. L.; McNaughton, M. M. Ecology, Vol. 66, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.2307/1940401	journal	April 1985
Herbivory and Defensive Characteristics of Tree Species in a Lowland Tropical Forest Coley, Phyllis D. Ecological Monographs, Vol. 53, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.2307/1942495	journal	February 1983
Efficient Methods to Compute Genomic Predictions VanRaden, P. M. Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 91, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0980	journal	November 2008
Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Capinera, John L. EDIS, Vol. 2002, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-in255-2000	journal	December 1969
Effects of light and the regulatory B-subunit composition of protein phosphatase 2A on the susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana to aphid (Myzus persicae) infestation Rasool, Brwa; Karpinska, Barbara; Konert, Grzegorz Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 5 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00405	journal	August 2014
The Role of Silicon in Antiherbivore Phytohormonal Signalling Hall, Casey R.; Waterman, Jamie M.; Vandegeer, Rebecca K. Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 10 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01132	journal	September 2019
Functional biology in its natural context: A search for emergent simplicity Bergelson, Joy; Kreitman, Martin; Petrov, Dmitri A. eLife, Vol. 10 https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.67646	journal	June 2021

Figures / Tables (6)

Similar Records

Plant Nutrition Influences Resistant Maize Defense Responses to the Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)

Journal Article · Thu Feb 24 19:00:00 EST 2022 · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · OSTI ID:1983087

Related Subjects

09 BIOMASS FUELS
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Poaceae
common garden
defense investment
genome‐wide association
grass evolution
latitudinal herbivory defense hypothesis
quantitative genetics
switchgrass

Plant physical defenses contribute to a latitudinal gradient in resistance to insect herbivory within a widespread perennial grass

Citation Formats

References (84)

Figures / Tables (6)

Similar Records

Related Subjects