Ducted Fuel Injection Provides Consistently Lower Soot Emissions in Sweep to Full-Load Conditions

Buurman, Noad J.; Nyrenstedt, Gustav; Mueller, Charles J.

doi:10.4271/03-17-01-0001

Ducted Fuel Injection Provides Consistently Lower Soot Emissions in Sweep to Full-Load Conditions

Journal Article · Fri Jul 14 00:00:00 EDT 2023 · SAE International Journal of Engines

DOI:https://doi.org/10.4271/03-17-01-0001· OSTI ID:2311533

Buurman, Noad J. ^[1]; Nyrenstedt, Gustav ^[2]; Mueller, Charles J. ^[2]

Eindhoven Univ. of Technology (Netherlands)
Sandia National Lab. (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States)

Earlier studies have proven how ducted fuel injection (DFI) substantially reduces soot for low- and mid-load conditions in heavy-duty engines, without significant adverse effects on other emissions. Nevertheless, no comprehensive DFI study exists showing soot reductions at high- and full-load conditions. This study investigated DFI in a single-cylinder, 1.7-L, optical engine from low- to full-load conditions with a low-net-carbon fuel consisting of 80% renewable diesel and 20% biodiesel. Over the tested load range, DFI reduced engine-out soot by 38.1–63.1% compared to conventional diesel combustion (CDC). This soot reduction occurred without significant detrimental effects on other emission types. Thus, DFI reduced the severity of the soot–NO_x tradeoff at all tested conditions. While DFI delivered considerable soot reductions in thepresent study, previous DFI studies at low- and mid-load conditions delivered larger soot reductions (>90%) compared to CDC operation at the same conditions. Therefore, the DFI configuration used here has been deemed nonoptimal (in terms of parameters such as the injector-spray and piston geometries), and several improvements are recommended for future studies with high-load DFI. Further, these improvements include employing better spray-duct alignment, a deeper piston bowl with a smaller injector umbrella angle, and a fuel injector that opens and closes faster. The study also suggests future research to make DFI ready for commercialization, such as metal-engine tests to ensure desirable DFI performance over an engine’s complete speed/load map. Overall, this study supports the continued development and commercialization of DFI to meet upcoming emissions regulations for heavy-duty vehicles. Specifically, multicylinder engine experiments and CFD simulations should be utilized to optimize the performance and clarify the full potential of DFI.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Office of Sustainable Transportation. Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO); USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

Grant/Contract Number:: NA0003525

OSTI ID:: 2311533

Report Number(s):: SAND--2023-06778J

Journal Information:: SAE International Journal of Engines, Journal Name: SAE International Journal of Engines Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 17; ISSN 1946-3936

Publisher:: SAE InternationalCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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