Synchrotron Characterization of the Oxidation of Advanced Steel Cladding Alloys
- Nuclear Science and Technology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory (United States)
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory (United States)
- General Electric Global Research, General Electric (United States)
Advanced steel alloys are proposed as nuclear fuel claddings due to their high corrosion resistance under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature. APMT is an iron based alloy (Fe-22wt.%Cr-5.8wt.%Al) and Alloy 33 is a mixture of iron, chromium, and nickel (32wt.%Fe-33wt.%Cr-31wt.%Ni). This paper focuses on studying the corrosion mechanisms for these alloys under exposure to superheated steam at 800 deg. C and 1000 deg. C using the synchrotron based X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) techniques. HAXPES data was collected using 4 keV X-rays with a 1x1 mm spot size at X24A beamline. Specimens were mounted on the sample holder. The specimens were tilted 5 degrees relative to the beam and the estimated probe depth (for this fixed energy) is 63 A. The X-ray wavelength for XRD studies at X14A beamline is 0.7792 A with a beam size of of 2 x 0.2 mm{sup 2}. Specimens were exposed to steam environment at 800 and 1000 deg. C for 8, 24, and 48 hours. For Alloy 33; a layer of mixed Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3} and FeCr{sub 2}O{sub 4} oxides is formed after exposure to steam. Specimen tilting indicated that Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3} is formed near the metal/oxide interface and FeCr{sub 2}O{sub 4} was formed on the oxide surface. The oxide peak intensities increased with an increase in steam temperature. The specimen oxidized at 1000 deg. C had well-developed oxide peaks compared to the specimen oxidized at 800 deg. C. For APMT; a layer of mixed α-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and monoclinic θ-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} oxides is formed on the outer surface. The peak intensities of the monoclinic θ-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} phase, decreases relative to the peaks from the Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} phase with increasing tilt angle. This indicates that the surface is dominated by the θ-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}. After exposure to steam at 800 deg. C, oxidation of Alloy 33 results in the formation of Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3} oxide with time and absence of both metallic and substoichiometric phases is observed. No nickel peaks are seen on the surface after oxidation at 800 deg. C, however Fe(II) peak is noticed after 8 and 24 hours of steam exposure, which then disappears after 48 hours. This presence of FeCr{sub 2}O{sub 4} oxide phase is observed after 8 and 24 hours. After exposure to steam at 1000 deg. C, the Cr{sub 2}p{sub 3/2} doublet persists at all exposure times, indicating the presence of the FeCr{sub 2}O{sub 4} oxide. Nickel peak is found on the surface at all exposure times and is attributed to the presence of Ni(OH){sub 2} phase. This may be due to increased diffusion of Ni through chromic oxide scale at higher temperature as compared to 800 deg. C. This nickel reacts with steam at 1000 deg. C to form Ni hydroxide at the surface. For APMT, after exposure to steam at 800 and 1000 deg. C, no Al and Cr metal peaks are seen. Growth of oxide layer is seen with increase in exposure time. The oxide structure contains mainly Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} oxide with the addition of mixed oxide (Al{sub x}Cr{sub 1-x}){sub 2}O{sub 3}. These results demonstrate that Cr diffuses into the alumina layer. (authors)
- OSTI ID:
- 22992134
- Journal Information:
- Transactions of the American Nuclear Society, Journal Name: Transactions of the American Nuclear Society Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 114; ISSN 0003-018X
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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