The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. VII. Properties of the Host Galaxy and Constraints on the Merger Timescale

Blanchard, P. K.; Berger, E.; Nicholl, M.; Leja, J.; Conroy, C.; Alexander, K. D.; Williams, P. K. G.; Villar, V. A.; Cowperthwaite, P. S.; Eftekhari, T.; Fong, W.; Margutti, R.; Doctor, Z.; Chornock, R.; Annis, J.; Frieman, J. A.; Brout, D.; Brown, D. A.; Chen, H. -Y.; others, and

doi:10.3847/2041-8213/AA9055

The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. VII. Properties of the Host Galaxy and Constraints on the Merger Timescale

Journal Article · Fri Oct 20 00:00:00 EDT 2017 · Astrophysical Journal Letters

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/AA9055· OSTI ID:22872530

Blanchard, P. K.; Berger, E.; Nicholl, M.; Leja, J.; Conroy, C.; Alexander, K. D.; Williams, P. K. G.; Villar, V. A.; Cowperthwaite, P. S.; Eftekhari, T. ^[1]; Fong, W.; Margutti, R. ^[2]; Doctor, Z. ^[3]; Chornock, R. ^[4]; Annis, J.; Frieman, J. A. ^[5]; Brout, D. ^[6]; Brown, D. A. ^[7]; Chen, H. -Y. ^[8]; others, and

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (United States)
Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 (United States)
Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 (United States)
Astrophysical Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 251B Clippinger Lab, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 (United States)
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510 (United States)
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (United States)
Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13224 (United States)
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 (United States)

We present the properties of NGC 4993, the host galaxy of GW170817, the first gravitational-wave (GW) event from the merger of a binary neutron star (BNS) system and the first with an electromagnetic (EM) counterpart. We use both archival photometry and new optical/near-IR imaging and spectroscopy, together with stellar population synthesis models to infer the global properties of the host galaxy. We infer a star formation history peaked at ≳10 Gyr ago, with subsequent exponential decline leading to a low current star formation rate of 0.01 M{sub ⊙} yr{sup −1}, which we convert into a binary merger timescale probability distribution. We find a median merger timescale of 11.2{sub −1.4}{sup +0.7} Gyr, with a 90% confidence range of 6.8--13.6 Gyr. This in turn indicates an initial binary separation of ≈4.5 R{sub ⊙}, comparable to the inferred values for Galactic BNS systems. We also use new and archival Hubble Space Telescope images to measure a projected offset of the optical counterpart of 2.1 kpc (0.64r {sub e}) from the center of NGC 4993 and to place a limit of M{sub r}≳−7.2 mag on any pre-existing emission, which rules out the brighter half of the globular cluster luminosity function. Finally, the age and offset of the system indicates it experienced a modest natal kick with an upper limit of ∼200 km s{sup −1}. Future GW–EM observations of BNS mergers will enable measurement of their population delay time distribution, which will directly inform their viability as the dominant source of r-process enrichment in the universe.

OSTI ID:: 22872530

Journal Information:: Astrophysical Journal Letters, Journal Name: Astrophysical Journal Letters Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 848; ISSN 2041-8205

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

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Double Neutron Star Formation: Merger Times, Systemic Velocities, and Travel Distances Andrews, Jeff J.; Zezas, Andreas arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.06137	text	January 2019
Rapidly evolving transients in the Dark Energy Survey Pursiainen, M.; Childress, M.; Smith, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1803.04869	text	January 2018
The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. VI. Radio Constraints on a Relativistic Jet and Predictions for Late-time Emission from the Kilonova Ejecta Alexander, K. D.; Berger, E.; Fong, W. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa905d	journal	October 2017
Spitzer Space Telescope Infrared Observations of the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW170817 Villar, V. A.; Cowperthwaite, P. S.; Berger, E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 862, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aad281	journal	July 2018
The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. III. Optical and UV Spectra of a Blue Kilonova from Fast Polar Ejecta No authors listed The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries https://doi.org/10.17615/1cf1-3d15	text	January 2017
Searches after Gravitational Waves Using ARizona Observatories (SAGUARO): System Overview and First Results from Advanced LIGO/Virgo’s Third Observing Run Lundquist, M. J.; Paterson, K.; Fong, W. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab32f2	journal	August 2019
Binary Neutron Star (BNS) Merger: What We Learned from Relativistic Ejecta of GW/GRB 170817A Ziaeepour, Houri Physics, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/physics1020018	journal	July 2019
Evidence for ≳4 Gyr timescales of neutron star mergers from Galactic archaeology Skúladóttir, Á.; Salvadori, S. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 634 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201937293	journal	January 2020
Improved Constraints on H ₀ from a Combined Analysis of Gravitational-wave and Electromagnetic Emission from GW170817 Guidorzi, C.; Margutti, R.; Brout, D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 851, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aaa009	journal	December 2017
The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. III. Optical and UV Spectra of a Blue Kilonova from Fast Polar Ejecta Nicholl, M.; Berger, E.; Kasen, D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa9029	journal	October 2017
The host galaxies of double compact objects across cosmic time Toffano, Mattia; Mapelli, Michela; Giacobbo, Nicola Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 489, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2415	journal	September 2019
Merging Rates of Compact Binaries in Galaxies: Perspectives for Gravitational Wave Detections Boco, L.; Lapi, A.; Goswami, S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab328e	journal	August 2019
Rapidly evolving transients in the Dark Energy Survey Pursiainen, M.; Childress, M.; Smith, M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 481, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2309	journal	August 2018
Fast Radio Bursts from Magnetars Born in Binary Neutron Star Mergers and Accretion Induced Collapse Margalit, Ben; Berger, Edo; Metzger, Brian D. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1907.00016	text	January 2019
Improved constraints on H0 from a combined analysis of gravitational-wave and electromagnetic emission from GW170817 Guidorzi, C.; Margutti, R.; Brout, D. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1710.06426	text	January 2017
Measuring the Delay Time Distribution of Binary Neutron Stars. I. Through Scaling Relations of the Host Galaxies of Gravitational-wave Events Safarzadeh, Mohammadtaher; Berger, Edo The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 878, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab24df	journal	June 2019
LSST Target-of-opportunity Observations of Gravitational-wave Events: Essential and Efficient Cowperthwaite, P. S.; Villar, V. A.; Scolnic, D. M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 874, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab07b6	journal	March 2019
An Empirical Study of Contamination in Deep, Rapid, and Wide-field Optical Follow-up of Gravitational Wave Events Cowperthwaite, P. S.; Berger, E.; Rest, A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 858, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aabad9	journal	April 2018
The Optical Afterglow of GW170817: An Off-axis Structured Jet and Deep Constraints on a Globular Cluster Origin Fong, W.; Blanchard, P. K.; Alexander, K. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab3d9e	journal	September 2019
Searches After Gravitational-waves Using ARizona Observatories (SAGUARO): System Overview and First Results from Advanced LIGO/Virgo's Third Observing Run Lundquist, M. J.; Paterson, K.; Fong, W. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1906.06345	text	January 2019
Fast Radio Bursts from Magnetars Born in Binary Neutron Star Mergers and Accretion Induced Collapse Margalit, Ben; Berger, Edo; Metzger, Brian D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 886, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab4c31	journal	November 2019
The origin of the first neutron star – neutron star merger Belczynski, K.; Askar, A.; Arca-Sedda, M. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 615 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732428	journal	July 2018
Double neutron star formation: merger times, systemic velocities, and travel distances Andrews, Jeff J.; Zezas, Andreas Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1066	journal	April 2019
On GW170817 and the Galactic Binary Neutron Star Population Pankow, Chris The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 866, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aadc66	journal	October 2018
Two Years of Nonthermal Emission from the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW170817: Rapid Fading of the Jet Afterglow and First Constraints on the Kilonova Fastest Ejecta Hajela, A.; Margutti, R.; Alexander, K. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 886, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab5226	journal	November 2019

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The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. VII. Properties of the Host Galaxy and Constraints on the Merger Timescale

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