The NuSTAR extragalactic surveys: the number counts of active galactic nuclei and the resolved fraction of the cosmic X-ray background

Journal Article · Thu Nov 10 04:00:00 EST 2016 · Astrophysical Journal

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/185· OSTI ID:22868483

Harrison, F. A.; Baloković, M.; Brightman, M. ^[1]; Aird, J. ^[2]; Civano, F. ^[3]; Lansbury, G.; Alexander, D. M. ^[4]; Mullaney, J. R. ^[5]; Ballantyne, D. R. ^[6]; Stern, D. ^[7]; Ajello, M. ^[8]; Barret, D. ^[9]; Bauer, F. E. ^[10]; Brandt, W. N. ^[11]; Boggs, S. E. ^[12]; Christensen, F. E. ^[13]; others, and

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1. Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 (United States)
2. Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA (United Kingdom)
3. Yale Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520 (United States)
4. Centre of Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE (United Kingdom)
5. The Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH (United Kingdom)
6. Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 (United States)
7. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109 (United States)
8. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, SC 29634-0978 (United States)
9. Universite de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, Toulouse (France)
10. Instituto de Astrofísica, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Catòlica de Chile, 306, Santiago 22 (Chile)
11. Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Pennsylvania State University, 525 Davey Lab, University Park, PA 16802 (United States)
12. Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States)
13. DTU Space—National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, DK-2800 Lyngby (Denmark)

We present the 3–8 keV and 8–24 keV number counts of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) identified in the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) extragalactic surveys. NuSTAR has now resolved 33%–39% of the X-ray background in the 8–24 keV band, directly identifying AGNs with obscuring columns up to ∼10{sup 25} cm{sup −2}. In the softer 3–8 keV band the number counts are in general agreement with those measured by XMM-Newton and Chandra over the flux range 5×10{sup −15} ≲ S(3–8 keV)/erg s{sup −1} cm{sup −2} ≲ 10{sup −12} probed by NuSTAR. In the hard 8–24 keV band NuSTAR probes fluxes over the range 2×10{sup −14} ≲ S(8–24 keV)/erg s{sup −1} cm{sup −2} ≲ 10{sup −12}, a factor ∼100 fainter than previous measurements. The 8–24 keV number counts match predictions from AGN population synthesis models, directly confirming the existence of a population of obscured and/or hard X-ray sources inferred from the shape of the integrated cosmic X-ray background. The measured NuSTAR counts lie significantly above simple extrapolation with a Euclidian slope to low flux of the Swift/BAT 15–55 keV number counts measured at higher fluxes (S(15–55 keV) ≳ 10{sup −11} erg s{sup −1} cm{sup −2}), reflecting the evolution of the AGN population between the Swift/BAT local (z<0.1) sample and NuSTAR’s z∼1 sample. CXB synthesis models, which account for AGN evolution, lie above the Swift/BAT measurements, suggesting that they do not fully capture the evolution of obscured AGNs at low redshifts.

• OSTI ID: 22868483
• Journal Information: Astrophysical Journal, Journal Name: Astrophysical Journal Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 831; ISSN ASJOAB; ISSN 0004-637X
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English

Related Subjects

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
COSMIC PHOTONS
EXTRAPOLATION
FORECASTING
GALAXY NUCLEI
HARD X RADIATION
KEV RANGE 10-100
RED SHIFT
SEYFERT GALAXIES
SHAPE
SYNTHESIS
TELESCOPES
X-RAY GALAXIES
X-RAY SOURCES