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Title: Dense nuclear matter equation of state from heavy-ion collisions

Journal Article · · Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics
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  1. Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States); et al.

The nuclear equation of state (EOS) is at the center of numerous theoretical and experimental efforts in nuclear physics. With advances in microscopic theories for nuclear interactions, the availability of experiments probing nuclear matter under conditions not reached before, endeavors to develop sophisticated and reliable transport simulations to interpret these experiments, and the advent of multi-messenger astronomy, the next decade will bring new opportunities for determining 2 the nuclear matter EOS, elucidating its dependence on density, temperature, and isospin asymmetry. Among controlled terrestrial experiments, collisions of heavy nuclei at intermediate beam energies (from a few tens of MeV/nucleon to about 25 GeV/nucleon in the fixed-target frame) probe the widest ranges of baryon density and temperature, enabling studies of nuclear matter from a few tenths to about 5 times the nuclear saturation density and for temperatures from a few to well above a hundred MeV, respectively. Collisions of neutron-rich isotopes further bring the opportunity to probe effects due to the isospin asymmetry. However, capitalizing on the enormous scientific effort aimed at uncovering the dense nuclear matter EOS, both at RHIC and at FRIB as well as at other international facilities, depends on the continued development of state-of-the-art hadronic transport simulations. This white paper highlights the essential role that heavy-ion collision experiments and hadronic transport simulations play in understanding strong interactions in dense nuclear matter, with an emphasis on how these efforts can be used together with microscopic approaches and neutron star studies to uncover the nuclear EOS.

Research Organization:
Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States); Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States); Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States). Cyclotron Institute
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)
Grant/Contract Number:
SC0021301; FG02-00ER41132; SC0019209; AC52-06NA25396; SC0012447; SC0015266; SC0013702; SC0009971; FG02-93ER40773; FG02-03ER41259; SC0020651; AC52-07NA27344; SC0013617
OSTI ID:
2283668
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 2202269; OSTI ID: 2318906; OSTI ID: 2329292
Journal Information:
Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vol. 134; ISSN 0146-6410
Publisher:
ElsevierCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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Prospects for multimessenger detection of binary neutron star mergers in the fourth LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA observing run journal April 2022
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Calculations for nuclear matter and finite nuclei within and beyond energy-density-functional theories through interactions guided by effective field theory journal July 2022
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Modeling Solids in Nuclear Astrophysics with Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics journal August 2023
First Results from Pb+Pb Collisions at the LHC journal November 2012
Neutron Star Mergers: Probing the EoS of Hot, Dense Matter by Gravitational Waves journal January 2019
Probing neutron-star matter in the lab: Similarities and differences between binary mergers and heavy-ion collisions journal February 2023
Sensitivity of electromagnetic spectra to equation of state and initial energy density in the Pb + Pb collisions at SPS journal April 1999
Thermal dileptons as fireball thermometer and chronometer journal February 2016
Dilepton signature of a first-order phase transition journal July 2022
Pion interferometry as a probe of the plasma journal July 1989
Detailed predictions for two-pion correlations in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions journal December 1990
Methods for analyzing anisotropic flow in relativistic nuclear collisions journal September 1998
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The phase transition to the quark-gluon plasma and its effect on hydrodynamic flow journal June 1995
Collective flow signals the quark–gluon plasma journal March 2005
Antiflow of nucleons at the softest point of the equation of state journal January 2000
Third flow component as QGP signal journal July 1999
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Determination of the nuclear incompressibility from the rapidity-dependent elliptic flow in heavy-ion collisions at beam energies 0.4 A –1.0 A GeV journal March 2018
Beam energy dependence of the squeeze-out effect on the directed and elliptic flow in Au + Au collisions in the high baryon density region journal June 2018
T WO -P ARTICLE C ORRELATIONS IN R ELATIVISTIC H EAVY -I ON C OLLISIONS journal December 1999
Toward a deeper understanding of how experiments constrain the underlying physics of heavy-ion collisions journal February 2016
Kaon production in heavy ion reactions at intermediate energies journal January 2006
Pioneering the Equation of State of Dense Nuclear Matter with Strange Particles Emitted in Heavy-Ion Collisions: The KaoS Experiment at GSI journal January 2022
Evidence for a Soft Nuclear Equation-of-State from Kaon Production in Heavy-Ion Collisions journal January 2001
Hadronic Matter Is Soft journal January 2006
Collective Flow Observed in Relativistic Nuclear Collisions journal April 1984
A new component of the collective flow in relativistic heavy-ion collisions journal January 1989
Excitation function of elliptic flow in Au+Au collisions and the nuclear matter equation of state journal April 2005
Mapping the phases of quantum chromodynamics with beam energy scan journal April 2020
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Charged-pion production in $$\mathbf {Au+Au}$$ collisions at $$\sqrt{\mathbf {s}_{\mathbf {NN}}} = 2.4~{\mathbf {GeV}}$$ journal October 2020
Systematics of central heavy ion collisions in the regime journal December 2010
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Multi-Physics Constraints at Different Densities to Probe Nuclear Symmetry Energy in Hyperonic Neutron Stars journal March 2022
FEMTOSCOPY IN RELATIVISTIC HEAVY ION COLLISIONS: Two Decades of Progress journal December 2005
Femtoscopy in relativistic heavy ion collisions and its relation to bulk properties of QCD matter journal November 2008
Correlation femtoscopy study at energies available at the JINR Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility and the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider within a viscous hydrodynamic plus cascade model journal August 2017
Centrality and Transverse Momentum Dependence of Elliptic Flow of Multistrange Hadrons and ϕ Meson in Au + Au Collisions at s N N = 200 GeV journal February 2016
Non-Gaussian Fluctuations near the QCD Critical Point journal January 2009
Sign of Kurtosis near the QCD Critical Point journal July 2011
Nonmonotonic Energy Dependence of Net-Proton Number Fluctuations journal March 2021
Cumulants and correlation functions of net-proton, proton, and antiproton multiplicity distributions in Au + Au collisions at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider journal August 2021
Challenges in QCD matter physics --The scientific programme of the Compressed Baryonic Matter experiment at FAIR journal March 2017
Symmetry Energy of Dilute Warm Nuclear Matter journal May 2010
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Nuclear matter symmetry energy at 0.03 ρ / ρ 0 0.2 journal June 2012
The equation of state and symmetry energy of low-density nuclear matter journal February 2014
Light clusters, pasta phases, and phase transitions in core-collapse supernova matter journal May 2015
Mirror Charge Radii and the Neutron Equation of State journal September 2017
Charge Radius of Neutron-Deficient Ni 54 and Symmetry Energy Constraints Using the Difference in Mirror Pair Charge Radii journal October 2021
Interplay of neutron–proton equilibration and nuclear dynamics journal September 2019
Characterizing Neutron-Proton Equilibration in Nuclear Reactions with Subzeptosecond Resolution journal February 2017
Detailed characterization of neutron-proton equilibration in dynamically deformed nuclear systems journal April 2017
Isoscaling and nuclear reaction dynamics journal March 2020
Correlation between time and angular alignment in molecular dynamics simulations of heavy ion collisions journal December 2020
Isospin Diffusion and the Nuclear Symmetry Energy in Heavy Ion Reactions journal February 2004
Isotopic Scaling in Nuclear Reactions journal May 2001
Isospin diffusion and equilibration for Sn + Sn collisions at E / A = 35 MeV journal November 2010
Influence of transport variables on isospin transport ratios journal November 2011
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Feasibility of constraining the curvature parameter of the symmetry energy using elliptic flow data journal March 2018
The SπRIT time projection chamber journal June 2021
Incompressibility of Nuclear Matter from the Giant Monopole Resonance journal January 1999
The nuclear equation of state probed by K$plus$ production in heavy ion collisions journal June 2002
Bayesian inference of nuclear symmetry energy from measured and imagined neutron skin thickness in Sn 116 , 118 , 120 , 122 , 124 , 130 , 132 ,   Pb 208 , and Ca 48 journal October 2020
Nuclear symmetry energy from neutron skins and pure neutron matter in a Bayesian framework journal June 2021
Pygmy Dipole Strength and Neutron Skins in Exotic Nuclei conference January 2008
Information content of a new observable: The case of the nuclear neutron skin journal May 2010
Electric Dipole Polarizability of Ca 48 and Implications for the Neutron Skin journal June 2017
Constraints on the symmetry energy and neutron skins from pygmy resonances in Ni 68 and Sn 132 journal April 2010
Dipole polarizability of Sn 120 and nuclear energy density functionals journal September 2015
Neutron skin thickness from the measured electric dipole polarizability in Ni 68 , Sn 120 , and Pb 208 journal December 2015
Implications of PREX-2 on the electric dipole polarizability of neutron-rich nuclei journal August 2021
Information Content of the Parity-Violating Asymmetry in Pb 208 journal November 2021
Impact of the nuclear symmetry energy on the pygmy dipole resonance journal August 2011
Constraining the Nuclear Symmetry Energy with Multimessenger Resonant Shattering Flares journal March 2023
Cooling neutron star in the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant: evidence for superfluidity in the core: Cooling Cas A neutron star journal February 2011
Rapid Cooling of the Neutron Star in Cassiopeia A Triggered by Neutron Superfluidity in Dense Matter journal February 2011
Simultaneous fitting of neutron star structure and cooling data journal November 2019
Constraints on Neutron Star Crusts from Oscillations in Giant Flares journal October 2009
Probing the Equation of State of Nuclear Matter via Neutron Star Asteroseismology journal May 2012
Pulsar Constraints on Neutron Star Structure and Equation of State journal October 1999
Crustal Entrainment and Pulsar Glitches journal January 2013
Pulsar glitches: The crust may be enough journal July 2014
Efficacy of crustal superfluid neutrons in pulsar glitch models journal April 2015
Observational constraints on neutron star crust–core coupling during glitches journal October 2015
A highly resistive layer within the crust of X-ray pulsars limits their spin periods journal June 2013
Sensitivity of the neutron star r -mode instability window to the density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy journal February 2012
Nuclear symmetry energy and the r -mode instability of neutron stars journal April 2012
Disordered Nuclear Pasta, Magnetic Field Decay, and Crust Cooling in Neutron Stars journal January 2015
Diffusive nuclear burning in cooling simulations and application to new temperature data of the Cassiopeia A neutron star journal January 2019
Constraining the Equation of State with Moment of Inertia Measurements journal August 2005
Using neutron star observations to determine crust thicknesses, moments of inertia, and tidal deformabilities journal January 2015
Equation of State Constraints from Nuclear Physics, Neutron Star Masses, and Future Moment of Inertia Measurements journal October 2020
Lower limit on the heat capacity of the neutron star core journal February 2017
Fast Neutrino Cooling in the Accreting Neutron Star MXB 1659-29 journal October 2022
Effects of Neutron-Star Dynamic Tides on Gravitational Waveforms within the Effective-One-Body Approach journal May 2016
Dynamical tides in general relativity: Effective action and effective-one-body Hamiltonian journal November 2016
Resonant tidal excitations of rotating neutron stars in coalescing binaries journal September 1999
Gravitational-wave asteroseismology with fundamental modes from compact binary inspirals journal May 2020
Prospects for distinguishing dynamical tides in inspiralling binary neutron stars with third generation gravitational-wave detectors journal June 2022
Limiting masses and radii of neutron stars and their implications journal April 2021
Constraints on the symmetry energy from PREX-II in the multimessenger era journal June 2022
Constraints on the Maximum Mass of Neutron Stars with a Quark Core from GW170817 and NICER PSR J0030+0451 Data journal May 2021
Optimal shielding thickness for galactic cosmic ray environments journal February 2017
Geant4—a simulation toolkit
  • Agostinelli, S.; Allison, J.; Amako, K.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 506, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01368-8
journal July 2003
New Capabilities of the FLUKA Multi-Purpose Code journal January 2022
Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System, PHITS, version 2.52 journal September 2013
Overview of particle and heavy ion transport code system PHITS journal August 2015
3DHZETRN: Shielded ICRU spherical phantom journal January 2015
Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiments journal October 2016
Neutrino Interactions with Nucleons and Nuclei: Importance for Long-Baseline Experiments journal October 2016
Muon-neutrino-induced charged-current pion production on nuclei journal July 2017
Improved measurement of neutrino oscillation parameters by the NOvA experiment journal August 2022
Constraint on the matter–antimatter symmetry-violating phase in neutrino oscillations journal April 2020
Search for a dark photon in electroproduced e + e pairs with the Heavy Photon Search experiment at JLab journal November 2018
Measurement of charged-pion production in deep-inelastic scattering off nuclei with the CLAS detector journal January 2022
Investigating the Effects of Cosmic Rays on Space Electronics journal September 2020
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Total nuclear reaction cross-section database for radiation protection in space and heavy-ion therapy applications journal October 2021
Current nuclear data needs for applications journal April 2022
Nuclear physics in particle therapy: a review journal August 2016
Carbon Ion Therapy: A Modern Review of an Emerging Technology journal February 2020
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Lectures on hydrodynamic fluctuations in relativistic theories journal November 2012
Effect of the QCD equation of state and strange hadronic resonances on multiparticle correlations in heavy ion collisions journal September 2018
Heavy Ion Collisions: The Big Picture and the Big Questions journal October 2018
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QCD equation of state at finite chemical potentials for relativistic nuclear collisions journal March 2021
Binary neutron star mergers: a review of Einstein’s richest laboratory journal July 2017
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Fully integrated transport approach to heavy ion reactions with an intermediate hydrodynamic stage journal October 2008
Collective Flow and Viscosity in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions journal October 2013
Initial state fluctuations and final state correlations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions journal May 2014
Hydrodynamic Modeling of Heavy-Ion Collisions journal April 2013
Hydrodynamic approaches in relativistic heavy ion reactions journal January 2016
Novel collective phenomena in high-energy proton–proton and proton–nucleus collisions journal January 2016
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Observation of Long-Range Elliptic Azimuthal Anisotropies in s = 13 and 2.76 TeV p p Collisions with the ATLAS Detector journal April 2016
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Short Range Correlations and the EMC Effect journal February 2011
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Equations of state for supernovae and compact stars journal March 2017
Nuclear Symmetry Energy Extracted from Laboratory Experiments journal October 2017
Nuclear Constraints on Properties of Neutron star Crusts journal May 2009
Imprint of the symmetry energy on the inner crust and strangeness content of neutron stars journal February 2014
Delineating effects of nuclear symmetry energy on the radii and tidal polarizabilities of neutron stars journal November 2018
Many-body theory of nuclear matter journal May 1976
Effective masses in relativistic approaches to the nucleon-nucleus mean field journal July 1989
On the Landau effective mass in asymmetric nuclear matter journal July 1976
Effective Nucleon Masses in Symmetric and Asymmetric Nuclear Matter journal July 2005
Primordial Nucleosynthesis: Successes and Challenges journal February 2006
Coulomb Energies journal December 1969
Nuclei Beyond the Proton Drip-Line journal December 1997
Effects of momentum-dependent symmetry potential on heavy-ion collisions induced by neutron-rich nuclei journal May 2004
Fast nucleon emission as a probe of the momentum dependence of the symmetry potential journal December 2005
Isospin emission and flow at high baryon density: A test of the symmetry potential journal April 2010
Effective mass splitting of neutron and proton and isospin emission in heavy-ion collisions journal March 2012
Transverse emission of isospin ratios as a probe of high-density symmetry energy in isotopic nuclear reactions journal January 2012
Nuclear collective flows as a probe to the neutron–proton effective mass splitting journal July 2014
Self-energy, momentum distribution, and effective masses of a dilute Fermi gas journal April 1980
Theoretical approaches to the momentum distribution of a normal Fermi liquid journal February 1992
Isospin dependence of nucleon correlations in ground-state nuclei journal February 2014
Neutron–proton effective mass splitting in neutron-rich matter at normal density from analyzing nucleon–nucleus scattering data within an isospin dependent optical model journal April 2015
Isospin splitting of the nucleon effective mass from giant resonances in Pb 208 journal March 2016
Constraining simultaneously nuclear symmetry energy and neutron-proton effective mass splitting with nucleus giant resonances using a dynamical approach journal March 2017
Constraining isovector nuclear interactions with giant resonances within a Bayesian approach journal November 2020
Nucleus giant resonances from an improved isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport approach journal August 2020
High density behaviour of nuclear symmetry energy and high energy heavy-ion collisions journal October 2002
Reaction dynamics with exotic nuclei journal May 2005
Isospin flows journal October 2006
Mean Free Path in a Nucleus journal July 1981
Neutrino interactions in hot and dense matter journal May 1998
Effect of nucleon effective mass and symmetry energy on the neutrino mean free path in a neutron star journal September 2022
Equation of state and neutrino transfer in supernovae and neutron stars journal December 2021
Role of nucleon-nucleon correlation in transport coefficients and gravitational-wave-driven r-mode instability of neutron stars journal December 2020
Nucleon effective mass in hot dense matter journal June 2020