Complex Structure of Molten FLiBe (2 $\mathrm{Li}\mathrm{F}$ – $\mathrm{Be}\mathrm{F}$ ${}_2$ ) Examined by Experimental Neutron Scattering, X-Ray Scattering, and Deep-Neural-Network Based Molecular Dynamics

Journal Article · Fri Jan 05 00:00:00 EST 2024 · PRX Energy

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXEnergy.3.013001· OSTI ID:2278894

Fayfar, Sean ; Chahal, Rajni ; Williams, Haley ; Gardner, D. Nathanael ; Zheng, Guiqiu ; Sprouster, David ; Neuefeind, Jörg C. ; Olds, Dan ; Hwang, Andrea ; Mcfarlane, Joanna ; Gallagher, Ryan C. ; Asta, Mark ; Lam, Stephen ; Scarlat, Raluca O. ; Khaykovich, Boris

The use of molten salts as coolants, fuels, and tritium breeding blankets in the next generation of fission and fusion nuclear reactors benefits from furthering the characterization of the molecular structure of molten halide salts, paving the way to predictive capability of the chemical and thermophysical properties of molten salts. Due to its neutronic, chemical, and thermochemical properties, 2LiF-BeF₂ is a candidate molten salt for several fusion- and fission-reactor designs. We performed neutron and x-ray total-scattering measurements to determine the atomic structure of liquid 2LiF-BeF₂. We also performed ab initio and neural-network molecular-dynamics simulations to predict the structure obtained by neutron- and x-ray-diffraction experiments. The use of machine learning provides improvements to the efficiency in predicting the structure at a longer length scales than is achievable with ab initio simulations at significantly lower computational expense while retaining near ab initio accuracy. We found that the NNMD simulations accurately predicted the $Be$$$${F}^{2-}_{4}$$ oligomer formations seen in the experimental first-structure-factor peak. Our combination of high-resolution measurements with large-scale molecular dynamics provided an avenue to explore and experimentally verify the intermediate-range ordering beyond the first-nearest neighbor that has posed too many experimental and computational challenges in previous works. With a deeper understanding of the salt structure and ion ordering, the evolution of salt chemistry over the lifetime of a reactor can be better predicted, which is crucial to the licensing and operation of advanced fission and fusion reactors that employ molten salts. To this end, this work will serve as a reference for future studies of salt structure and macroscopic properties with and without the addition of solutes.

• Research Organization: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
• Sponsoring Organization: USDOE Office of Nuclear Energy (NE), Nuclear Energy University Program (NEUP); USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program; USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Scientific User Facilities (SUF)
• Grant/Contract Number: 21-24563; BES-ERCAP0022445; 20210113DR; NE0009204; AC02-05CH11231; SC0012704; AC05-00OR22725
• OSTI ID: 2278894
• Alternate ID(s): OSTI ID: 2281091
• Journal Information: PRX Energy, Journal Name: PRX Energy Vol. 3 Journal Issue: 1; ISSN 2768-5608
• Publisher: American Physical Society
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English

Related Subjects

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND SUPERFLUIDITY
Structural properties
Ionic fluids
Liquids
Ab initio molecular dynamics
Machine learning
Molecular dynamics
Neutron diffraction
X-ray diffraction
Condensed Matter
Materials & Applied Physics