Educational series: characterizing crosslinked polymer networks

Rajawasam, Chamoni W. H.; Dodo, Obed J.; Weerasinghe, M. A. Sachini N.; Raji, Ibrahim O.; Wanasinghe, Shiwanka V.; Konkolewicz, Dominik; De Alwis Watuthanthrige, Nethmi

doi:10.1039/D3PY00914A

Educational series: characterizing crosslinked polymer networks

Journal Article · Mon Jan 22 23:00:00 EST 2024 · Polymer Chemistry

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1039/D3PY00914A· OSTI ID:2274987

Rajawasam, Chamoni W. H. ^[1]; ^[1]; Weerasinghe, M. A. Sachini N. ^[1]; Raji, Ibrahim O. ^[1]; Wanasinghe, Shiwanka V. ^[1]; ^[1]; ^[2]

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland

Characterization of polymer networks presents unique challenges due to the insolubility of the materials, but this also enables characterization by new techniques that take advantage of the bulk network structure.

View Journal Article

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: NONE; SC0018645

OSTI ID:: 2274987

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 2349278

Journal Information:: Polymer Chemistry, Journal Name: Polymer Chemistry Journal Issue: 4 Vol. 15; ISSN PCOHC2; ISSN 1759-9954

Publisher:: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

References (139)

A Review of Kinetic Studies on the Formation of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Suthar, B.; Xiao, H. X.; Klempner, D. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, Vol. 7, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1581(199604)7:4<221::AID-PAT529>3.0.CO;2-A	journal	April 1996
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) Prime, R. Bruce; Bair, Harvey E.; Vyazovkin, Sergey Thermal Analysis of Polymers: Fundamentals and Applications https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470423837.ch3	book	July 2008
Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) and Thermodilatometry (TD) Bair, Harvey E.; Akinay, Ali E.; Menczel, Joseph D. Thermal Analysis of Polymers: Fundamentals and Applications https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470423837.ch4	book	July 2008
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) Chartoff, Richard P.; Menczel, Joseph D.; Dillman, Steven H. Thermal Analysis of Polymers: Fundamentals and Applications https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470423837.ch5	book	July 2008
Crosslinking Hernández-Ortiz, Julio César; Vivaldo-Lima, Eduardo Handbook of Polymer Synthesis, Characterization, and Processing https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118480793.ch9	book	February 2013
Polymer Morphology Guo, Qipeng https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118892756	book	April 2016
X-ray Diffraction from Polymers Murthy, N. Sanjeeva Polymer Morphology: Principles, Characterization, and Processing https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118892756.ch2	book	April 2016
Nanoscale TEM Imaging of Hydrogel Network Architecture Kiyama, Ryuji; Yoshida, Masahiro; Nonoyama, Takayuki Advanced Materials, Vol. 35, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/ADMA.202208902	journal	November 2022
Reprocessable Polymer Networks Designed with Hydroxyurethane Dynamic Cross‐links: Effect of Backbone Structure on Network Morphology, Phase Segregation, and Property Recovery Chen, Xi; Li, Lingqiao; Wei, Tong Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics https://doi.org/10.1002/MACP.201900083	journal	May 2019
Molecular Engineering of Fracture Energy Dissipating Sacrificial Bonds Into Cellulose Nanocrystal Nanocomposites McKee, Jason R.; Huokuna, Johannes; Martikainen, Lahja Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 126, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201401072	journal	April 2014
Polymer Networks: From Plastics and Gels to Porous Frameworks Gu, Yuwei; Zhao, Julia; Johnson, Jeremiah A. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 59, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201902900	journal	March 2020
Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of thermally stable and thermally reactive network polymers Cook, W. D.; Scott, T. F.; Quay-Thevenon, S. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 93, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.20569	journal	January 2004
Determination of hydrogel swelling factors by two established and a novel non‐contact continuous method Sievers, Jan; Sperlich, Karsten; Stahnke, Thomas Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 138, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.50326	journal	November 2020
Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometric analysis of polymer surfaces: A review Prasad, Ananthu; Salim, Nisa V.; Mozetič, Miran Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 139, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.52286	journal	March 2022
A New Approach to Morphology Studies on Diacrylate Polymer Networks Using X‐Ray Powder Diffraction Barszczewska‐Rybarek, Izabela M. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 214, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.201200676	journal	April 2013
Kinetic Study and New Applications of UV Radiation Curing Decker, Christian Macromolecular Rapid Communications, Vol. 23, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.200290014	journal	December 2002
Thermosetting polymers from renewable sources Quirino, Rafael L.; Monroe, Khristal; Fleischer, Carl H. Polymer International, Vol. 70, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.6132	journal	October 2020
Multivariable structural characterization of semicrystalline polymer blends by small‐angle light scattering Akpalu, Yvonne A.; Lin, Youyu Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, Vol. 40, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.10321	journal	October 2002
Influence of Soluble Polymer Residues in Crosslinked Carboxymethyl Starch on some Physical Properties of its Hydrogels Heß, Christoph; Hartmann, Brigitte; Lechner, M. Dieter Starch - Stärke, Vol. 59, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/star.200400383	journal	September 2007
Low Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS) Spectroscopy Zheng, Yanping; Chen, Mingshu Springer Handbook of Advanced Catalyst Characterization https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07125-6_22	book	January 2023
Yield and transient effects during the plastic deformation of solid polymers G'Sell, C.; Jonas, J. J. Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 16, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00540644	journal	July 1981
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of semicrystalline polymers Schick, C. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 395, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-009-3169-y	journal	October 2009
Cryo-Electron microscopy for the study of self-assembled poly(ionic liquid) nanoparticles and protein supramolecular structures Kochovski, Zdravko; Chen, Guosong; Yuan, Jiayin Colloid and Polymer Science, Vol. 298, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-020-04657-w	journal	May 2020
Synthesis and characterization of polycaprolactone/acrylic acid (PCL/AA) hydrogel for controlled drug delivery Ranjha, Nazar Mohammad; Mudassir, Jahanzeb; Majeed, Sajid Bulletin of Materials Science, Vol. 34, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-011-0356-1	journal	December 2011
The relation between load and penetration in the axisymmetric boussinesq problem for a punch of arbitrary profile Sneddon, Ian N. International Journal of Engineering Science, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7225(65)90019-4	journal	May 1965
Thermogravimetric analysis of polymers for assessing thermal degradation MacCallum, James R. Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 96, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(85)80068-X	journal	December 1985
Highly crosslinked polymers Kaiser, Tony Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 14, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6700(89)90007-5	journal	January 1989
Hydrogels, DNA, and RNA polypeptides for the preparation of biomaterials Korah, Lini V.; Anilkumar, Gopinathan; Thomas, Sabu Fundamental Biomaterials: Polymers https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102194-1.00005-0	book	January 2018
Hydrogels Peppas, Nicholas A.; Hoffman, Allan S. Biomaterials Science https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816137-1.00014-3	book	January 2020
Hydrogels Wang, Wenda; Narain, Ravin; Zeng, Hongbo Polymer Science and Nanotechnology https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816806-6.00010-8	book	January 2020
Mechanical analysis of polymers Deshmukh, Kalim; Kovářík, Tomáš; Muzaffar, Aqib Polymer Science and Innovative Applications https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816808-0.00004-4	book	January 2020
Small-Angle Scattering Techniques (SAXS/SANS) Singh, P. S. Membrane Characterization https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63776-5.00006-1	book	January 2017
Engineering Thermoplastics Sastri, Vinny R. Plastics in Medical Devices https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-8155-2027-6.10007-8	book	January 2010
Plasma-modified polymer surfaces: Characterization using XPS Vandencasteele, N.; Reniers, F. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, Vol. 178-179 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ELSPEC.2009.12.003	journal	May 2010
An explicit model to extract viscoelastic properties of cells from AFM force-indentation curves Abuhattum, Shada; Mokbel, Dominic; Müller, Paul iScience, Vol. 25, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ISCI.2022.104016	journal	April 2022
Thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation of tetrafluoroethylene–propylene elastomer above 300 °C Liu, Qingkun; Li, Jia; Cong, Chuanbo Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 177 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.POLYMDEGRADSTAB.2020.109180	journal	July 2020
Controlled degradation of epoxy networks: analysis of crosslink density and glass transition temperature changes in thermally reworkable thermosets Chen, Jir-Shyr; Ober, Christopher K.; Poliks, Mark D. Polymer, Vol. 45, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.POLYMER.2004.01.011	journal	March 2004
Multiscale organization of thermoplastic elastomers with varying content of hard segments Baeza, Guilhem P.; Sharma, Ashwinikumar; Louhichi, Ameur Polymer, Vol. 107 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.POLYMER.2016.11.010	journal	December 2016
Synthesis of functional polymers with controlled architecture by CRP of monomers in the presence of cross-linkers: From stars to gels Gao, Haifeng; Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 34, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROGPOLYMSCI.2009.01.001	journal	April 2009
Contact angle measurement and contact angle interpretation Kwok, D. Y.; Neumann, A. W. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 81, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8686(98)00087-6	journal	September 1999
SAXS measurements of the interface in polyacrylate and epoxy interpenetrating networks with fractal geometry Tan, Susheng; Zhang, Donghua; Zhou, Enle Polymer, Vol. 38, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(96)01077-4	journal	September 1997
Cross-linking kinetics and swelling behaviour of aliphatic polyurethane Li, S.; Vatanparast, R.; Lemmetyinen, H. Polymer, Vol. 41, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00785-5	journal	July 2000
Dynamic atomic force microscopy methods García, R. Surface Science Reports, Vol. 47, Issue 6-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5729(02)00077-8	journal	September 2002
Application of ion scattering techniques to characterize polymer surfaces and interfaces Composto, Russell J.; Walters, Russel M.; Genzer, Jan Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, Vol. 38, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-796X(02)00009-8	journal	July 2002
SAXS and SANS studies of polymer colloids Ballauff, M. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-0294(01)00072-3	journal	May 2001
Micro- and nanorheology Mukhopadhyay, Ashis; Granick, Steve Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, Vol. 6, Issue 5-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-0294(01)00119-4	journal	November 2001
Novel crosslinking methods to design hydrogels Hennink, W. E.; van Nostrum, C. F. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, Vol. 64 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.009	journal	December 2012
Thermosensitive sol–gel reversible hydrogels Jeong, Byeongmoon; Kim, Sung Wan; Bae, You Han Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, Vol. 64 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.012	journal	December 2012
Structural characteristics of porous polymers treated by freezing with water or acetone Gun’ko, V. M.; Leboda, R.; Skubiszewska-Zięba, J. Applied Surface Science, Vol. 252, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.02.075	journal	October 2005
Synthesis and characterization of superabsorbent hydrogels based on hydroxyethylcellulose and acrylic acid Fekete, Tamás; Borsa, Judit; Takács, Erzsébet Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 166 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.108	journal	June 2017
Characterisation of hydrogels: Linking the nano to the microscale Raghuwanshi, Vikram Singh; Garnier, Gil Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 274 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2019.102044	journal	December 2019
Conformation and plugging properties of crosslinked polymer microspheres for profile control Lin, Meiqin; Zhang, Guiqing; Hua, Zhao Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol. 477 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.03.042	journal	July 2015
Simple shear under large deformation: Experimental and theoretical analyses Nunes, L. C. S.; Moreira, D. C. European Journal of Mechanics - A/Solids, Vol. 42 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2013.07.002	journal	November 2013
Solid state NMR study of segmented polymer networks: fine-tuning of phase morphology via their molecular design Lequieu, Wouter; Van De Velde, Peggy; Du Prez, Filip E. Polymer, Vol. 45, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.09.024	journal	October 2004
A novel fabrication method of temperature-responsive poly(acrylamide) composite hydrogel with high mechanical strength Li, Pengchong; Xu, Kun; Tan, Ying Polymer, Vol. 54, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.08.019	journal	October 2013
Investigation on the homogeneity of PMMA gels synthesized via RAFT polymerization Scherf, Robert; Müller, Lisa S.; Grosch, Daniel Polymer, Vol. 58 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2014.12.035	journal	February 2015
Interpenetrating polymer networks: So happy together? Silverstein, Michael S. Polymer, Vol. 207 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122929	journal	October 2020
Polymer networks one hundred years after the macromolecular hypothesis: A tutorial review Varnava, Constantina K.; Patrickios, Costas S. Polymer, Vol. 215 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123322	journal	February 2021
Evidences of non-linear short-term stress relaxation in polymers Schiavi, Alessandro; Prato, Andrea Polymer Testing, Vol. 59 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.01.030	journal	May 2017
Performance, interfacial compatibility testing and rheonaut technology analysis for simultaneous rheology and FTIR of poly(lactic acid)/modified saponite nanocomposites Chen, Dinghui; Zhen, Weijun Polymer Testing, Vol. 100 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2021.107232	journal	August 2021
Chemical reactions of polymer crosslinking and post-crosslinking at room and medium temperature Tillet, Guillaume; Boutevin, Bernard; Ameduri, Bruno Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 36, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.08.003	journal	February 2011
Dynamics of polymer segments, polymer chains, and nanoparticles in polymer nanocomposite melts: A review Bailey, Eric J.; Winey, Karen I. Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 105 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101242	journal	June 2020
Crosslinked networks in electron beam irradiated polyethylenes evaluated by proton low-field NMR spectroscopy Posadas, Pilar; Valentín, Juan L.; Benavente, Rosario Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Vol. 204 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110694	journal	March 2023
A (Macro)Molecular-Level Understanding of Polymer Network Topology Gu, Yuwei; Zhao, Julia; Johnson, Jeremiah A. Trends in Chemistry, Vol. 1, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trechm.2019.02.017	journal	June 2019
Designing Dynamic Materials from Dynamic Bonds to Macromolecular Architecture De Alwis Watuthanthrige, Nethmi; Chakma, Progyateg; Konkolewicz, Dominik Trends in Chemistry, Vol. 3, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trechm.2020.12.005	journal	March 2021
Classical Challenges in the Physical Chemistry of Polymer Networks and the Design of New Materials Wang, Rui; Sing, Michelle K.; Avery, Reginald K. Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 49, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00454	journal	November 2016
Molecular Characterization of Polymer Networks Danielsen, Scott P. O.; Beech, Haley K.; Wang, Shu Chemical Reviews, Vol. 121, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01304	journal	April 2021
AFM-IR: Technology and Applications in Nanoscale Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemical Imaging Dazzi, Alexandre; Prater, Craig B. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 117, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00448	journal	December 2016
Are RAFT and ATRP Universally Interchangeable Polymerization Methods in Network Formation? Cuthbert, Julia; Wanasinghe, Shiwanka V.; Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof Macromolecules, Vol. 54, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01587	journal	September 2021
Modeling Approach to Capture Hyperelasticity and Temporary Bonds in Soft Polymer Networks Bennett, Camaryn; Hayes, Peter J.; Thrasher, Carl J. Macromolecules, Vol. 55, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02319	journal	April 2022
Microscopic Dynamics and Viscoelasticity of Vitrimers Perego, Alessandro; Lazarenko, Daria; Cloitre, Michel Macromolecules, Vol. 55, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00588	journal	August 2022
Network Percolation in Transient Polymer Networks with Temporal Hierarchy of Energy Dissipation Ahmadi, Mostafa; Nicolella, Paola; Seiffert, Sebastian Macromolecules, Vol. 55, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01550	journal	November 2022
An Eco-Friendly Scheme for the Cross-Linked Polybutadiene Elastomer via Thiol–Ene and Diels–Alder Click Chemistry Bai, Jing; Li, Hui; Shi, Zixing Macromolecules, Vol. 48, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00389	journal	May 2015
Dynamic Thiol–Michael Chemistry for Thermoresponsive Rehealable and Malleable Networks Zhang, Borui; Digby, Zachary A.; Flum, Jacob A. Macromolecules, Vol. 49, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01061	journal	September 2016
Contribution of Entanglements to Polymer Network Elasticity Campise, F.; Agudelo, D. C.; Acosta, R. H. Macromolecules, Vol. 50, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02784	journal	March 2017
Advances in Atomic Force Microscopy for Probing Polymer Structure and Properties Wang, Dong; Russell, Thomas P. Macromolecules, Vol. 51, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01459	journal	October 2017
Loops in Polymer Networks Panyukov, Sergey Macromolecules, Vol. 52, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00782	journal	May 2019
Architectural Code for Rubber Elasticity: From Supersoft to Superfirm Materials Sheiko, Sergei S.; Dobrynin, Andrey V. Macromolecules, Vol. 52, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01127	journal	September 2019
Universal Scaling Behavior during Network Formation in Controlled Radical Polymerizations Mann, Joseph L.; Rossi, Rachel L.; Smith, Anton A. A. Macromolecules, Vol. 52, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02109	journal	December 2019
3D-Printed Self-Healing Elastomers for Modular Soft Robotics Gomez, Eliot F.; Wanasinghe, Shiwanka V.; Flynn, Alex E. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 13, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c06419	journal	June 2021
Design and Preparation of Porous Polymers Wu, Dingcai; Xu, Fei; Sun, Bin Chemical Reviews, Vol. 112, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr200440z	journal	April 2012
Detection of Heterogeneities in Dry and Swollen Polymer Networks by Proton Low-Field NMR Spectroscopy Saalwächter, Kay Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 125, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja038278p	journal	December 2003
Crossover Experiments Applied to Network Formation Reactions: Improved Strategies for Counting Elastically Inactive Molecular Defects in PEG Gels and Hyperbranched Polymers Zhou, Huaxing; Schön, Eva-Maria; Wang, Muzhou Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 136, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja5042385	journal	June 2014
Logic-Controlled Radical Polymerization with Heat and Light: Multiple-Stimuli Switching of Polymer Chain Growth via a Recyclable, Thermally Responsive Gel Photoredox Catalyst Chen, Mao; Deng, Shihong; Gu, Yuwei Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 139, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b10345	journal	February 2017
Scaling properties of branched polyesters. 2. Static scaling above the gel point Colby, Ralph H.; Rubinstein, Michael; Gillmor, Jeffrey R. Macromolecules, Vol. 25, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00052a017	journal	December 1992
Topological Structure and Nonaffine Swelling of Bimodal Polymer Networks Sommer, Jens-Uwe; Lay, Stefan Macromolecules, Vol. 35, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0205515	journal	December 2002
Comparison of the Thermoresponsive Deswelling Kinetics of Poly(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate) Hydrogels Prepared by ATRP and FRP Yoon, Jeong Ae; Gayathri, Chakicherla; Gil, Roberto R. Macromolecules, Vol. 43, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma1004953	journal	May 2010
Time-Domain NMR Observation of Entangled Polymer Dynamics: Universal Behavior of Flexible Homopolymers and Applicability of the Tube Model Vaca Chávez, Fabián; Saalwächter, Kay Macromolecules, Vol. 44, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma1025708	journal	February 2011
Structure and Mechanism of Strength Enhancement in Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogels Waters, Dale J.; Engberg, Kristin; Parke-Houben, Rachel Macromolecules, Vol. 44, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma200693e	journal	July 2011
Connectivity and Structural Defects in Model Hydrogels: A Combined Proton NMR and Monte Carlo Simulation Study Lange, Frank; Schwenke, Konrad; Kurakazu, Manami Macromolecules, Vol. 44, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma201847v	journal	November 2011
Synthesis of Well-Defined Photo-Cross-Linked Polymeric Nanocapsules by Surface-Initiated RAFT Polymerization Huang, Xin; Appelhans, Dietmar; Formanek, Petr Macromolecules, Vol. 44, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma201982f	journal	October 2011
Characterization of Network Structure and Chain Dynamics of Elastomeric Ionomers by Means of ¹H Low-Field NMR Malmierca, M. A.; González-Jiménez, A.; Mora-Barrantes, I. Macromolecules, Vol. 47, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma501208g	journal	August 2014
Direct Observation of Polymer Network Structure in Macroporous N-Isopropylacrylamide Gel by Raman Microscopy Appel, Rainer; Xu, Wei; Zerda, T. W. Macromolecules, Vol. 31, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma971260c	journal	July 1998
Mimicking biological stress–strain behaviour with synthetic elastomers Vatankhah-Varnosfaderani, Mohammad; Daniel, William F. M.; Everhart, Matthew H. Nature, Vol. 549, Issue 7673 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23673	journal	September 2017
Experimental verification of homogeneity in polymer gels Sakai, Takamasa Polymer Journal, Vol. 46, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/pj.2014.28	journal	May 2014
Topology-transformable polymers: linear–branched polymer structural transformation via the mechanical linking of polymer chains Takata, Toshikazu; Aoki, Daisuke Polymer Journal, Vol. 50, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/pj.2017.60	journal	October 2017
Dynamic Networks that Drive the Process of Irreversible Step-Growth Polymerization Schamboeck, Verena; Iedema, Piet D.; Kryven, Ivan Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37942-4	journal	February 2019
Atomic force microscopy-based mechanobiology Krieg, Michael; Fläschner, Gotthold; Alsteens, David Nature Reviews Physics, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-018-0001-7	journal	November 2018
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy Reif, Bernd; Ashbrook, Sharon E.; Emsley, Lyndon Nature Reviews Methods Primers, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-020-00002-1	journal	January 2021
Nanostructural heterogeneity in polymer networks and gels Di Lorenzo, F.; Seiffert, S. Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 6, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4PY01677G	journal	January 2015
Low energy ion scattering (LEIS). A practical introduction to its theory, instrumentation, and applications Cushman, Cody V.; Brüner, Philipp; Zakel, Julia Anal. Methods, Vol. 8, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6AY00765A	journal	January 2016
Influence of molecular weight between crosslinks on the mechanical properties of polymers formed via ring-opening metathesis Long, Tyler R.; Elder, Robert M.; Bain, Erich D. Soft Matter, Vol. 14, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7SM02407J	journal	January 2018
Counting loops in sidechain-crosslinked polymers from elastic solids to single-chain nanoparticles Wang, Junpeng; Wang, Rui; Gu, Yuwei Chemical Science, Vol. 10, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9SC01297D	journal	January 2019
Carbon nanotube enhanced dynamic polymeric materials through macromolecular engineering Stopler, Erika B.; Dodo, Obed J.; Hull, Alexander C. Materials Advances, Vol. 1, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0MA00143K	journal	January 2020
Dynamic covalent chemistry for architecture changing interpenetrated and single networks Wanasinghe, Shiwanka V.; Schreiber, Emily M.; Thompson, Adam M. Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 12, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1039/D1PY00198A	journal	January 2021
Living polymer networks prepared by controlled radical polymerization techniques Bainbridge, Chris William Anderson; Wangsadijaya, Andika; Broderick, Neil Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 13, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/D1PY01692J	journal	January 2022
Reconsidering terms for mechanisms of polymer growth: the “step-growth” and “chain-growth” dilemma Chan, Chin Han; Chen, Jiun-Tai; Farrell, Wesley S. Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 13, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1039/D2PY00086E	journal	January 2022
Raman analysis of inverse vulcanised polymers Dodd, Liam J.; Lima, Cássio; Costa-Milan, David Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 14, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1039/D2PY01408D	journal	January 2023
Educational series: turning monomers into crosslinked polymer networks Weerasinghe, M. A. Sachini N.; Dodo, Obed J.; Rajawasam, Chamoni W. H. Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 14, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1039/D3PY00912B	journal	January 2023
3D printable adhesive elastomers with dynamic covalent bond rearrangement Wanasinghe, Shiwanka V.; Johnson, Brent; Revadelo, Rebekah Soft Matter, Vol. 19, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1039/D3SM00394A	journal	January 2023
Microrheology: a review of the method and applications Cicuta, Pietro; Donald, Athene M. Soft Matter, Vol. 3, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1039/b706004c	journal	January 2007
Tuneable porous carbonaceous materials from renewable resources White, Robin J.; Budarin, Vitaly; Luque, Rafael Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 38, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1039/b822668g	journal	January 2009
Characterization of supramolecular gels Yu, Guocan; Yan, Xuzhou; Han, Chengyou Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 42, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cs60080g	journal	January 2013
Statistical Mechanics of Cross‐Linked Polymer Networks II. Swelling Flory, Paul J.; Rehner, John The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 11, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1723792	journal	November 1943
Synthetic matrix metalloproteinase-sensitive hydrogels for the conduction of tissue regeneration: Engineering cell-invasion characteristics Lutolf, M. P.; Lauer-Fields, J. L.; Schmoekel, H. G. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 100, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0737381100	journal	April 2003
Counting primary loops in polymer gels Zhou, H.; Woo, J.; Cok, A. M. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 109, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1213169109	journal	November 2012
Bio-Based Thermosetting Resins for Future Generation: A Review Bobade, Shrikant K.; Paluvai, Nagarjuna Reddy; Mohanty, Smita Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, Vol. 55, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2016.1185624	journal	May 2016
The elasticity and related properties of rubbers Treloar, L. R. G. Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 36, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/36/7/001	journal	July 1973
Glass transition of polystyrene (PS) studied by Raman spectroscopic investigation of its phenyl functional groups Menezes, D. Bertoldo; Reyer, A.; Marletta, A. Materials Research Express, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/4/1/015303	journal	January 2017
Electron microscopy for polymer structures Jinnai, Hiroshi Microscopy, Vol. 71, Issue Supplement_1 https://doi.org/10.1093/JMICRO/DFAB057	journal	February 2022
Surface Energy and the Contact of Elastic Solids Johnson, K. L.; Kendall, K.; Roberts, A. D. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 324, Issue 1558 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1971.0141	journal	September 1971
Optical Measurements of Frequency-Dependent Linear Viscoelastic Moduli of Complex Fluids Mason, T. G.; Weitz, D. A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 74, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.1250	journal	February 1995
Functional group quantification of polymer nanomembranes with soft x-rays Sunday, Daniel F.; Chan, Edwin P.; Orski, Sara V. Physical Review Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.2.032601	journal	March 2018
Combined thermographic phosphor and digital image correlation (TP + DIC) for simultaneous temperature and strain measurements Jones, Elizabeth M. C.; Jones, Amanda R.; Winters, Caroline Strain, Vol. 58, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1111/str.12415	journal	May 2022
Pressure and shear rate dependence of the viscosity and stress relaxation of polymer melts Reynolds, Carl; Thompson, Richard; McLeish, Tom Journal of Rheology, Vol. 62, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1122/1.5012969	journal	March 2018
Photodegradable Hydrogels for Dynamic Tuning of Physical and Chemical Properties Kloxin, April M.; Kasko, Andrea M.; Salinas, Chelsea N. Science, Vol. 324, Issue 5923 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1169494	journal	April 2009
Active and Passive Microrheology: Theory and Simulation Zia, Roseanna N. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 50, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-122316-044514	journal	January 2018
Limits of detection for time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS): detection of low amounts of adsorbed protein Wagner, Matthew S.; McArthur, Sally L.; Shen, Mingchao Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, Vol. 13, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1163/156856202320253938	journal	January 2002
The Behavior of Fabrics in Shear Spivak, S. M.; Treloar, L. R. G. Textile Research Journal, Vol. 38, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1177/004051756803800911	journal	September 1968
Characterization of swelling behavior of carbon nano-filler modified polydimethylsiloxane composites Yang, Bo; Nagarajan, Balakrishnan; Mertiny, Pierre Journal of Elastomers & Plastics, Vol. 53, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1177/00952443211006156	journal	April 2021
Polymer Gels and Networks Osada, Yoshihito; Khokhlov, Alexei https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203908396	reference-book	January 2001
Polymer Surface Characterization Sabbatini, Luigia; De Giglio, Elvira https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110701098	book	January 2022
Guidelines for checking performance and verifying accuracy of rotational rheometers: viscosity measurements in steady and oscillatory shear (IUPAC Technical Report) Laun, Martin; Auhl, Dietmar; Brummer, Rüdiger Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 86, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2013-0601	journal	December 2014
Laser welding of plastics Jones, I. Handbook of Laser Welding Technologies https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857098771.2.280	book	January 2013
The Hertz Model in AFM Nanoindentation Experiments: Applications in Biological Samples and Biomaterials Kontomaris, Stylianos-Vasileios Micro and Nanosystems, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402910666180426114700	journal	September 2018
A Guide through the Dental Dimethacrylate Polymer Network Structural Characterization and Interpretation of Physico-Mechanical Properties Barszczewska-Rybarek, Izabela Maria Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12244057	journal	December 2019
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Investigations of PLA-Based Renewable Materials: How Are They Useful? Cristea, Mariana; Ionita, Daniela; Iftime, Manuela Maria Materials, Vol. 13, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225302	journal	November 2020
Surface Characterization of Polymer Blends by XPS and ToF-SIMS Chan, Chi; Weng, Lu-Tao Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9080655	journal	August 2016
TGA, DSC, DTG Properties of Epoxy Polymer Nanocomposites by Adding Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanoparticles Thamer, Ahmed A.; Yusr, Hashim A.; Jubier, Najwa J. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 14, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.36478/jeasci.2019.567.574	journal	December 2019

Similar Records

Educational series: turning monomers into crosslinked polymer networks

Journal Article · Tue Oct 10 00:00:00 EDT 2023 · Polymer Chemistry · OSTI ID:2006546

Educational series: characterizing crosslinked polymer networks

Citation Formats

References (139)

Similar Records

Related Subjects