Role of calcination atmosphere in vanadium doped Li{sub 4}Ti{sub 5}O{sub 12} for lithium ion battery anode material
Highlights: • First comparison on V doped Li{sub 4}Ti{sub 5}O{sub 12} (VLTO) synthesized in air and argon. • Ti{sup 4+} do not reduce to Ti{sup 3+} in air calcined VLTO. • V doping enhances reducing of Ti{sup 4+} to Ti{sup 3+} in argon calcined VLTO. • Li{sub 4}Ti{sub 4.9}V{sub 0.1}O{sub 12} calcined in argon shows best charge-discharge behaviors. • Conductivity enhancement in argon calcined VLTO upto three orders. - Abstract: Li{sub 4}Ti{sub 5}O{sub 12} (LTO) with enhanced properties can replace the conventional carbonaceous anode material of lithium ion battery. Vanadium doped LTO (Li{sub 4}Ti{sub 5-x}V{sub x}O{sub 12}, x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) materials are synthesized by sol-gel process followed by calcination of dried gel in air and argon atmosphere. No additional phase corresponding V is indicated in XRD patterns. Calcination in argon reduces the particle size of Li{sub 4}Ti{sub 5-x}V{sub x}O{sub 12} while V doping reduces particle size distribution. XPS reveals that Ti{sup 4+} get reduced to Ti{sup 3+} only in argon calcined Li{sub 4}Ti{sub 5-x}V{sub x}O{sub 12} which is enhanced by V doping. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirms that compared to LTO, lithium ion diffusion coefficient of air and argon calcined Li{sub 4}Ti{sub 4.85}V{sub 0.15}O{sub 12} is approximately two and three times higher. Argon calcined Li{sub 4}Ti{sub 4.9}V{sub 0.1}O{sub 12} shows highest charge-discharge capacities at almost all C-rates (0.1 to 5C; 1C = 175mAg{sup −1}). Electronic conductivity of argon calcined Li{sub 4}Ti{sub 4.9}V{sub 0.1}O{sub 12} is 1.7 × 10{sup −2} S cm{sup −1} which is three orders higher than that of LTO.
- OSTI ID:
- 22730502
- Journal Information:
- Materials Research Bulletin, Vol. 96; Other Information: Copyright (c) 2017 Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, All rights reserved.; Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); ISSN 0025-5408
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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