Skip to main content
U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Modeling the Water Systems of the Western US to Support Climate‐Resilient Electricity System Planning

Journal Article · · Earth's Future
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EF003220· OSTI ID:2263380
 [1];  [2];  [3]
  1. National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder CO USA
  2. Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
  3. Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA, Energy and Resources Group University of California Berkeley CA USA
Abstract

Electricity and water systems in the Western US (WUS) are closely connected, with hydropower comprising 20% of total annual WUS generation, and electricity related to water comprising about 7% of total WUS electricity use. Because of these interdependencies, the threat of climate change to WUS resources will likely have compounding electricity impacts on the Western Interconnect grid. This study describes a WUS‐wide water system model with a particular emphasis on estimating climate impacts on hydropower generation and water‐related electricity use, which can be linked with a grid expansion model to support climate‐resilient electricity planning. The water system model combines climatically‐driven physical hydrology and management of both water supply and demand allocation, and is applied to an ensemble of 15 climate scenarios out to 2050. Model results show decreasing streamflow in key basins of the WUS under most scenarios. Annual water‐related electricity use increases up to 4%, and by up to 6% during the summer months, driven by growing agricultural demands met increasingly through a shift toward energy‐intensive groundwater to replace declining surface water. Total annual hydropower generation changes by +5% to −20% by mid‐century but declines in most scenarios, with decreases in summer generation by up to nearly −30%. Water‐related electricity use increases tend to coincide with hydropower generation declines, annually and seasonally, demonstrating the importance of concurrently evaluating the climate signal on both water‐for‐energy and energy‐for‐water to inform planning for grid reliability and decarbonization goals.

Research Organization:
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE; USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER). Earth & Environmental Systems Science (EESS)
Grant/Contract Number:
AC02-05CH11231; SC0016605
OSTI ID:
2263380
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 2337830
OSTI ID: 2263383
Journal Information:
Earth's Future, Journal Name: Earth's Future Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 12; ISSN 2328-4277
Publisher:
American Geophysical Union (AGU)Copyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

References (87)

Multimodel projections and uncertainties of irrigation water demand under climate change: IRRIGATION DEMAND UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE journal September 2013
Integrating downscaled CMIP5 data with a physically based hydrologic model to estimate potential climate change impacts on streamflow processes in a mixed-use watershed journal March 2017
Evaluation of CMIP5 20 th century climate simulations for the Pacific Northwest USA : CMIP5 20TH CENTURY CLIMATE OF THE PNW journal October 2013
Selecting CMIP5 GCMs for downscaling over multiple regions journal December 2014
Robust analysis of future climate change impacts on water for agriculture and other sectors: a case study in the Sacramento Valley journal December 2007
Significance of model credibility in estimating climate projection distributions for regional hydroclimatological risk assessments journal February 2008
Adaptation of California’s electricity sector to climate change journal October 2011
Robust response to hydro-climatic change in electricity generation planning journal March 2015
Impacts of rising air temperatures and emissions mitigation on electricity demand and supply in the United States: a multi-model comparison journal June 2015
Assessing climate change impacts on California hydropower generation and ancillary services provision journal November 2018
Climate change impacts on groundwater storage in the Central Valley, California journal November 2019
Maladaptation to drought: a case report from California, USA journal October 2014
Irrigation demand and supply, given projections of climate and land-use change, in Yolo County, California journal January 2013
Buffering intermittent renewable power with hydroelectric generation: A case study in California journal December 2013
Power system balancing for deep decarbonization of the electricity sector journal January 2016
Climate change impacts and greenhouse gas mitigation effects on U.S. hydropower generation journal December 2016
Implications of hydropower variability from climate change for a future, highly-renewable electric grid in California journal March 2019
Impact of climate change on water availability and its propagation through the Western U.S. power grid journal October 2020
Effect of modeled time horizon on quantifying the need for long-duration storage journal July 2022
A multi-model framework for assessing long- and short-term climate influences on the electric grid journal July 2022
Projecting changes in annual hydropower generation using regional runoff data: An assessment of the United States federal hydropower plants journal February 2015
Quantifying climate change impacts on hydropower generation and implications on electric grid greenhouse gas emissions and operation journal September 2016
Resilience and electricity systems: A comparative analysis journal August 2012
Climate change impacts on high-elevation hydroelectricity in California journal March 2014
Overcoming the disconnect between energy system and climate modeling journal July 2022
Estimation of residential outdoor water use in Los Angeles, California journal July 2014
Reducing carbon emissions through water conservation: An analysis of 10 major U.S. cities journal September 2022
A framework for complex climate change risk assessment journal April 2021
Energy requirements for water production, treatment, end use, reclamation, and disposal journal September 2012
Evaluating options for balancing the water – electricity nexus in California: Part 2—Greenhouse gas and renewable energy utilization impacts journal November 2014
Trend analysis of watershed-scale precipitation over Northern California by means of dynamically-downscaled CMIP5 future climate projections journal August 2017
Switch 2.0: A modern platform for planning high-renewable power systems journal July 2019
Planning for sustained water-electricity resilience over the U.S.: Persistence of current water-electricity operations and long-term transformative plans journal August 2019
Energy–Water Nexus Analysis of Enhanced Water Supply Scenarios: A Regional Comparison of Tampa Bay, Florida, and San Diego, California journal April 2014
Geographic Footprint of Electricity Use for Water Services in the Western U.S. journal July 2014
Warming may create substantial water supply shortages in the Colorado River basin journal January 2007
Satellites measure recent rates of groundwater depletion in California's Central Valley: CENTRAL VALLEY GROUNDWATER DEPLETION journal February 2011
Adaptation to Future Water Shortages in the United States Caused by Population Growth and Climate Change journal March 2019
The Changing Character of the California Sierra Nevada as a Natural Reservoir journal December 2018
Reanalysis of Water Withdrawal for Irrigation, Electric Power, and Public Supply Sectors in the Conterminous United States, 1950–2016 journal February 2021
Technology Pathways Could Help Drive the U.S. West Coast Grid's Exposure to Hydrometeorological Uncertainty journal January 2022
The Effects of Climate Change on Interregional Electricity Market Dynamics on the U.S. West Coast journal December 2021
The Role of Regional Connections in Planning for Future Power System Operations Under Climate Extremes journal June 2022
Multisector Dynamics: Advancing the Science of Complex Adaptive Human‐Earth Systems journal March 2022
A comparison of seven geostatistically based inverse approaches to estimate transmissivities for modeling advective transport by groundwater flow journal June 1998
Integrated analysis of climate change, land-use, energy and water strategies journal June 2013
Impacts of climate change on electric power supply in the Western United States journal May 2015
Climate change impact modelling needs to include cross-sectoral interactions journal May 2016
Compound climate events transform electrical power shortfall risk in the Pacific Northwest journal January 2019
Revised monthly energy generation estimates for 1,500 hydroelectric power plants in the United States journal November 2022
A low-to-no snow future and its impacts on water resources in the western United States journal October 2021
Exploring the Water-Energy Nexus in California via an Integrative Modeling Approach journal December 2021
Emissions pathways, climate change, and impacts on California journal August 2004
21st century United States emissions mitigation could increase water stress more than the climate change it is mitigating journal August 2015
WEAP21—A Demand-, Priority-, and Preference-Driven Water Planning Model: Part 1: Model Characteristics journal December 2005
Challenges in operationalizing the water–energy–food nexus journal July 2017
Water, Energy and Environment Nexus: The California Experience journal March 2002
Evaluating the energy consumed for water use in the United States journal September 2012
Linking electricity and water models to assess electricity choices at water-relevant scales journal December 2012
The influence of future electricity mix alternatives on southwestern US water resources journal October 2013
Evaluating the electricity intensity of evolving water supply mixes: the case of California’s water network journal October 2017
The estimated impact of California’s urban water conservation mandate on electricity consumption and greenhouse gas emissions journal December 2017
The Water-Energy-Food Nexus: A systematic review of methods for nexus assessment journal April 2018
Shift in seasonal climate patterns likely to impact residential energy consumption in the United States journal July 2019
A retrospective study of the 2012–2016 California drought and its impacts on the power sector journal August 2020
Evaluating cross-sectoral impacts of climate change and adaptations on the energy-water nexus: a framework and California case study journal December 2020
The implications of future climate change on the blue water footprint of hydropower in the contiguous US * journal February 2021
Impacts of climate change on subannual hydropower generation: a multi-model assessment of the United States federal hydropower plant journal February 2023
Hydropower representation in water and energy system models: a review of divergences and call for reconciliation journal February 2023
Human-Induced Changes in the Hydrology of the Western United States journal February 2008
Colorado River flow dwindles as warming-driven loss of reflective snow energizes evaporation journal February 2020
The Potential to Narrow Uncertainty in Regional Climate Predictions journal August 2009
Opportunities for Joint Water–Energy Management: Sensitivity of the 2010 Western U.S. Electricity Grid Operations to Climate Oscillations journal February 2018
Selecting Ensemble Members to Provide Regional Climate Change Information journal October 2012
A Long-Term Hydrologically Based Dataset of Land Surface Fluxes and States for the Conterminous United States: Update and Extensions journal December 2013
North American Climate in CMIP5 Experiments: Part III: Assessment of Twenty-First-Century Projections journal March 2014
Changes in Winter Atmospheric Rivers along the North American West Coast in CMIP5 Climate Models journal February 2015
Improved Bias Correction Techniques for Hydrological Simulations of Climate Change journal December 2015
Western water and climate change journal December 2015
Mapping Irrigated Lands at 250-m Scale by Merging MODIS Data and National Agricultural Statistics journal October 2010
Stakeholder Analysis for the Food-Energy-Water Nexus in Phoenix, Arizona: Implications for Nexus Governance journal November 2017
Remote Sensing Shrub/Grass National Land Cover Database (NLCD) Back-in-Time (BIT) Products for the Western U.S., 1985 - 2018 dataset January 2020
One-way coupling of an integrated assessment model and a water resources model: evaluation and implications of future changes over the US Midwest journal January 2013
Technical note: Inherent benchmark or not? Comparing Nash–Sutcliffe and Kling–Gupta efficiency scores journal January 2019
jszinai/WWSM-WEAP-SWITCH: WWSM v1.0 for initial journal submission software October 2022
Water Research Foundation Study Documents Water Conservation Potential and More Efficiency in Households journal October 2016
U.S. Census Grids (Summary File 1), 2010
  • University, Center For International Earth Science Information Network-CIESIN-Columbia
  • Palisades, NY: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC) https://doi.org/10.7927/H40Z716C
dataset January 2017

Similar Records

An Integrated Hydroclimatic Assessment of Future Reservoir and Hydropower Operations in the U.S.
Journal Article · Mon Sep 15 20:00:00 EDT 2025 · Earth's Future · OSTI ID:3002121

Related Subjects