The cosmic evolution of Fermi BL Lacertae objects

Ajello, M.; Romani, R. W.; Shaw, M. S.; Healey, S. E.; Michelson, P. F.; Gasparrini, D.; Bolmer, J.; Cotter, G.; Potter, W. J.; Finke, J.; Greiner, J.; Rau, A.; Schady, P.; King, O.; Max-Moerbeck, W.; Readhead, A. C. S.

doi:10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/73

The cosmic evolution of Fermi BL Lacertae objects

Journal Article · Wed Jan 01 04:00:00 EST 2014 · Astrophysical Journal

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/73· OSTI ID:22348288

Ajello, M. ^[1]; Romani, R. W.; Shaw, M. S.; Healey, S. E.; Michelson, P. F. ^[2]; Gasparrini, D. ^[3]; Bolmer, J. ^[4]; Cotter, G.; Potter, W. J. ^[5]; Finke, J. ^[6]; Greiner, J.; Rau, A.; Schady, P. ^[7]; King, O.; Max-Moerbeck, W.; Readhead, A. C. S.

Space Sciences Laboratory, 7 Gauss Way, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7450 (United States)
W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 (United States)
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati, Roma (Italy)
Physik Dept., Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str., 85748 Garching (Germany)
Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH (United Kingdom)
Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5352 (United States)
Max-Planck Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, D-85748 Garching (Germany)

Fermi has provided the largest sample of γ-ray-selected blazars to date. In this work we use a uniformly selected set of 211 BL Lacertae (BL Lac) objects detected by Fermi during its first year of operation. We obtained redshift constraints for 206 out of the 211 BL Lac objects in our sample, making it the largest and most complete sample of BL Lac objects available in the literature. We use this sample to determine the luminosity function of BL Lac objects and its evolution with cosmic time. We find that for most BL Lac classes the evolution is positive, with a space density peaking at modest redshift (z ≈ 1.2). Low-luminosity, high-synchrotron-peaked (HSP) BL Lac objects are an exception, showing strong negative evolution, with number density increasing for z ≲ 0.5. Since this rise corresponds to a drop-off in the density of flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), a possible interpretation is that these HSPs represent an accretion-starved end state of an earlier merger-driven gas-rich phase. We additionally find that the known BL Lac correlation between luminosity and photon spectral index persists after correction for the substantial observational selection effects with implications for the so-called 'blazar sequence'. Finally, by estimating the beaming corrections to the luminosity function, we find that BL Lac objects have an average Lorentz factor of γ=6.1{sub −0.8}{sup +1.1}, and that most are seen within 10° of the jet axis.

OSTI ID:: 22348288

Journal Information:: Astrophysical Journal, Journal Name: Astrophysical Journal Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 780; ISSN ASJOAB; ISSN 0004-637X

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Blazar Flares as an Origin of High-energy Cosmic Neutrinos? Murase, Kohta; Oikonomou, Foteini; Petropoulou, Maria The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 865, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aada00	journal	September 2018
Probing the Emission Mechanism and Magnetic Field of Neutrino Blazars with Multi-Wavelength Polarization Signatures Zhang, Haocheng; Fang, Ke; Li, Hui arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1903.01956	text	January 2019
BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey. XVI. General Physical Characteristics of BAT Blazars Paliya, Vaidehi S.; Koss, M.; Trakhtenbrot, B. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2f8b	journal	August 2019
Interpretation of the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux in terms of the blazar sequence Palladino, Andrea; Rodrigues, Xavier; Gao, Shan Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2018-03350	text	January 2018
BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey. XVI. General Physical Characteristics of BAT Blazars Paliya, Vaidehi Sharan Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2019-03549	text	January 2019
Robust constraints and novel gamma-ray signatures of dark matter that interacts strongly with nucleons Hooper, Dan; McDermott, Samuel D. Physical Review D, Vol. 97, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.97.115006	journal	June 2018
Two New Catalogs of Blazar Candidates in the WISE Infrared Sky D’Abrusco, Raffaele; Álvarez Crespo, Nuria; Massaro, Francesco The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 242, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab16f4	journal	May 2019
Faint γ-ray sources at low redshift: the radio galaxy IC 1531 Bassi, T.; Migliori, G.; Grandi, P. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 481, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2622	journal	September 2018
Cascading Constraints from Neutrino-emitting Blazars: The Case of TXS 0506+056 Reimer, Anita; Böttcher, Markus; Buson, Sara The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2bff	journal	August 2019
Determining the fraction of cosmic-ray protons at ultra-high energies with cosmogenic neutrinos van Vliet, Arjen; Batista, Rafael Alves; Hörandel, Jörg R. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1901.01899	text	January 2019
Probing the Emission Mechanism and Magnetic Field of Neutrino Blazars with Multiwavelength Polarization Signatures Zhang, Haocheng; Fang, Ke; Li, Hui The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 876, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab158d	journal	May 2019
Open Questions in Cosmic-Ray Research at Ultrahigh Energies Alves Batista, Rafael; Biteau, Jonathan; Bustamante, Mauricio Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2019-02725	text	January 2019
Eddington bias for cosmic neutrino sources Strotjohann, Nora Linn; Kowalski, Marek; Franckowiak, Anna Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2020-00343	text	January 2019
Active galactic nuclei and the origin of IceCube's diffuse neutrino flux Hooper, Dan; Linden, Tim; Vieregg, Abby Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2019, Issue 02 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2019/02/012	journal	February 2019
Constraints on decaying dark matter from the extragalactic gamma-ray background Ando, Shin'ichiro; Ishiwata, Koji Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2015-04199	text	January 2015
Angular power spectrum analysis on current and future high-energy neutrino data Dekker, Ariane; Ando, Shin'ichiro arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1811.02576	text	January 2018
Planck Lensing and Cosmic Infrared Background Cross-correlation with Fermi -LAT: Tracing Dark Matter Signals in the Gamma-Ray Background Feng, Chang; Cooray, Asantha; Keating, Brian The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 836, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/836/1/127	journal	February 2017
Power spectrum tomography of dark matter annihilation with local galaxy distribution Ando, Shin'ichiro arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1407.8502	text	January 2014
Toy model for the acceleration of blazar jets Liodakis, I. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 616 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201832766	journal	August 2018
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Determining the Core Radio Luminosity Function of Radio AGNs via Copula Yuan, Zunli; Wang, Jiancheng; Worrall, D. M. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 239, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aaed3b	journal	December 2018
Characterizing the local gamma-ray Universe via angular cross-correlations Ammazzalorso, Simone; Fornengo, Nicolao; Horiuchi, Shunsaku Physical Review D, Vol. 98, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.98.103007	journal	November 2018
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General Physical Properties of CGRaBS Blazars Paliya, Vaidehi S.; Marcotulli, L.; Ajello, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1711.01292	text	January 2017
Fermi-LAT Stacking Analysis Technique: An Application to Extreme Blazars and Prospects for their CTA Detection Paliya, Vaidehi Sharan; Domínguez, A.; Ajello, M. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2019-03436	text	January 2019
SED Constraints on the Highest- z Blazar Jet: QSO J0906+6930 An, Hongjun; Romani, Roger W. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 856, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab435	journal	March 2018
Hidden Cosmic-Ray Accelerators as an Origin of TeV-PeV Cosmic Neutrinos Murase, Kohta; Guetta, Dafne; Ahlers, Markus Physical Review Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.116.071101	journal	February 2016
The space density of z > 4 blazars Caccianiga, A.; Moretti, A.; Belladitta, S. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 484, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty3526	journal	January 2019
Identifying the 3FHL Catalog. III. Results of the CTIO-COSMOS Optical Spectroscopy Campaign Desai, A.; Marchesi, S.; Rajagopal, M. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 241, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab01fc	journal	February 2019
SEARCH FOR GAMMA-RAY-EMITTING ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI IN THE FERMI -LAT UNASSOCIATED SAMPLE USING MACHINE LEARNING Doert, M.; Errando, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 782, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/782/1/41	journal	January 2014
Interpretation of the Diffuse Astrophysical Neutrino Flux in Terms of the Blazar Sequence Palladino, Andrea; Rodrigues, Xavier; Gao, Shan The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 871, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaf507	journal	January 2019
Blazar jets as the most efficient persistent engines Ghisellini, Gabriele arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1809.07323	preprint	January 2018
Dark Matter Searches in the Gamma-Ray Extragalactic Background via Cross-Correlations with Galaxy Catalogs Cuoco, Alessandro; Xia, Jun-Qing; Regis, Marco The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 221, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/221/2/29	journal	December 2015
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Evidence of cross-correlation between the CMB lensing and the gamma-ray sky Fornengo, N.; Perotto, L.; Regis, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1410.4997	text	January 2014
TOMOGRAPHY OF THE FERMI -LAT γ -RAY DIFFUSE EXTRAGALACTIC SIGNAL VIA CROSS CORRELATIONS WITH GALAXY CATALOGS Xia, Jun-Qing; Cuoco, Alessandro; Branchini, Enzo The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 217, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/217/1/15	journal	March 2015
Limits on Dark Matter Annihilation Signals from the Fermi LAT 4-year Measurement of the Isotropic Gamma-Ray Background Collaboration, The Fermi LAT; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1501.05464	text	January 2015
Supermassive Binaries in Quasars and BL Lac Objects: Electromagnetic and Gravitational Wave Emissions Cavaliere, A.; Tavani, M.; Munar-Adrover, P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 875, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0e88	journal	April 2019
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Background model systematics for the Fermi GeV excess Calore, Francesca; Cholis, Ilias; Weniger, Christoph Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2015, Issue 03 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2015/03/038	journal	March 2015
Complementarity of Stacking and Multiplet Constraints on the Blazar Contribution to the Cumulative High-energy Neutrino Intensity Yuan, Chengchao; Murase, Kohta; Mészáros, Peter The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 890, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab65ea	journal	February 2020
General Physical Properties of CGRaBS Blazars Paliya, Vaidehi S.; Marcotulli, L.; Ajello, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 851, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa98e1	journal	December 2017
Determining the fraction of cosmic-ray protons at ultra-high energies with cosmogenic neutrinos Van Vliet, Arjen; Alves Batista, Rafael; Hörandel, Jörg R. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2019-02564	text	January 2019
Limits on dark matter annihilation signals from the Fermi LAT 4-year measurement of the isotropic gamma-ray background collaboration, The Fermi LAT Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2015, Issue 09 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2015/09/008	journal	September 2015
Power spectrum tomography of dark matter annihilation with local galaxy distribution Ando, Shin'ichiro Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2014, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2014/10/061	journal	October 2014
Interpretation of the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux in terms of the blazar sequence Palladino, Andrea; Rodrigues, Xavier; Gao, Shan arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1806.04769	text	January 2018
Tomographic-spectral approach for dark matter detection in the cross-correlation between cosmic shear and diffuse γ-ray emission Camera, S.; Fornasa, M.; Fornengo, N. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2015, Issue 06 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2015/06/029	journal	June 2015
Pulsar timing constraints on the Fermi massive black hole binary blazar population Holgado, A. Miguel; Sesana, Alberto; Sandrinelli, Angela Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 481, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/sly158	journal	August 2018
Blazar Flares as an Origin of High-Energy Cosmic Neutrinos? Murase, Kohta; Oikonomou, Foteini; Petropoulou, Maria arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1807.04748	text	January 2018
Constraints on decaying dark matter from the extragalactic gamma-ray background Ando, Shin'ichiro; Ishiwata, Koji Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2015, Issue 05 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2015/05/024	journal	May 2015
Toy model for the acceleration of blazar jets Liodakis, I. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1804.07772	text	January 2018
A two-zone model for blazar emission: implications for TXS 0506+056 and the neutrino event IceCube-170922A Xue, Rui; Liu, Ruo-Yu; Petropoulou, Maria Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2020-00252	text	January 2019
Blazar jets as the most efficient persistent engines Ghisellini, Gabriele Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali, Vol. 30, Issue S1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-019-00839-z	journal	August 2019
Open Questions in Cosmic-Ray Research at Ultrahigh Energies Alves Batista, Rafael; Biteau, Jonathan; Bustamante, Mauricio Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, Vol. 6 https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2019.00023	journal	June 2019
A Two-zone Model for Blazar Emission: Implications for TXS 0506+056 and the Neutrino Event IceCube-170922A Xue, Rui; Liu, Ruo-Yu; Petropoulou, Maria The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 886, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab4b44	journal	November 2019
Progress in unveiling extreme particle acceleration in persistent astrophysical jets Biteau, J.; Prandini, E.; Costamante, L. Nature Astronomy, Vol. 4, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-019-0988-4	journal	January 2020
{\it Fermi}-LAT Stacking Analysis Technique: An Application to Extreme Blazars and Prospects for their CTA Detection Paliya, Vaidehi S.; Dominguez, Alberto; Ajello, Marco arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1908.02496	text	January 2019
Investigation of Two Fermi -LAT Gamma-Ray Blazars Coincident with High-energy Neutrinos Detected by IceCube Garrappa, S.; Buson, S.; Franckowiak, A. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2019-03715	text	January 2019
Mapping dark matter in the gamma-ray sky with galaxy catalogs Ando, Shin’ichiro; Benoit-Lévy, Aurélien; Komatsu, Eiichiro Physical Review D, Vol. 90, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.90.023514	journal	July 2014
The Origin of the Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Background and Implications for Dark-Matter Annihilation Ajello, M.; Gasparrini, D.; Sanchez-Conde, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1501.05301	text	January 2015
A case for radio galaxies as the sources of IceCube's astrophysical neutrino flux Hooper, Dan Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2016, Issue 09 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2016/09/002	journal	September 2016
Constraints on decaying dark matter from the isotropic gamma-ray background Blanco, Carlos; Hooper, Dan Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2019, Issue 03 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2019/03/019	journal	March 2019
Angular power spectrum analysis on current and future high-energy neutrino data Dekker, Ariane; Ando, Shin'ichiro Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2019, Issue 02 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2019/02/002	journal	February 2019
IMPLICATIONS OF PLASMA BEAM INSTABILITIES FOR THE STATISTICS OF THE FERMI HARD GAMMA-RAY BLAZARS AND THE ORIGIN OF THE EXTRAGALACTIC GAMMA-RAY BACKGROUND Broderick, Avery E.; Pfrommer, Christoph; Puchwein, Ewald The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 790, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/790/2/137	journal	July 2014
Open Questions in Cosmic-Ray Research at Ultrahigh Energies Alves Batista, Rafael; Biteau, Jonathan; Bustamante, Mauricio Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000098433	text	January 2019
The BL-Lac gamma-ray blazar PKS 0447-439 as a probable member of a group of galaxies at z = 0.343 Muriel, H.; Donzelli, C.; Rovero, A. C. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 574 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201425050	journal	February 2015
Diffuse Neutrino Intensity from the Inner Jets of Active Galactic Nuclei: Impacts of External Photon Fields and the Blazar Sequence Murase, Kohta; Inoue, Yoshiyuki; Dermer, Charles D. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1403.4089	text	January 2014

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The cosmic evolution of Fermi BL Lacertae objects

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