Observation of hydrodynamic plasmons and energy waves in graphene

Zhao, Wenyu; Wang, Shaoxin; Chen, Su-Di; Zhang, Zuocheng; Watanabe, Kenji; Taniguchi, Takashi; Zettl, Alex; Wang, Feng

doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05619-8

Observation of hydrodynamic plasmons and energy waves in graphene

Journal Article · Wed Feb 22 00:00:00 EST 2023 · Nature (London)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05619-8· OSTI ID:2234173

Zhao, Wenyu ^[1]; Wang, Shaoxin ^[1]; ^[2]; ^[1]; ^[3]; ^[3]; ^[4]; ^[4]

Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba (Japan)
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Thermally excited electrons and holes form a quantum-critical Dirac fluid in ultraclean graphene and their electrodynamic responses are described by a universal hydrodynamic theory. The hydrodynamic Dirac fluid can host intriguing collective excitations distinctively different from those in a Fermi liquid. Here we report the observation of the hydrodynamic plasmon and energy wave in ultraclean graphene. In this study, we use the on-chip terahertz (THz) spectroscopy technique to measure the THz absorption spectra of a graphene microribbon as well as the propagation of the energy wave in graphene close to charge neutrality. We observe a prominent high-frequency hydrodynamic bipolar-plasmon resonance and a weaker low-frequency energy-wave resonance of the Dirac fluid in ultraclean graphene. The hydrodynamic bipolar plasmon is characterized by the antiphase oscillation of massless electrons and holes in graphene. The hydrodynamic energy wave is an electron-hole sound mode with both charge carriers oscillating in phase and moving together. The spatial–temporal imaging technique shows that the energy wave propagates at a characteristic speed of $$V_f$$ / $$ \sqrt2$$ near the charge neutrality. Our observations open new opportunities to explore collective hydrodynamic excitations in graphene systems.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: US Army Research Office (ARO); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Materials Sciences & Engineering Division (MSE)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 2234173

Journal Information:: Nature (London), Journal Name: Nature (London) Journal Issue: 7949 Vol. 614; ISSN 0028-0836

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (37)

Electronic hydrodynamics in graphene Narozhny, Boris N. Annals of Physics, Vol. 411 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aop.2019.167979	journal	December 2019
Very Slow Cooling Dynamics of Photoexcited Carriers in Graphene Observed by Optical-Pump Terahertz-Probe Spectroscopy Strait, Jared H.; Wang, Haining; Shivaraman, Shriram Nano Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl202800h	journal	November 2011
Ultrafast Optical-Pump Terahertz-Probe Spectroscopy of the Carrier Relaxation and Recombination Dynamics in Epitaxial Graphene George, Paul A.; Strait, Jared; Dawlaty, Jahan Nano Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl8019399	journal	December 2008
Snapshots of non-equilibrium Dirac carrier distributions in graphene Gierz, Isabella; Petersen, Jesse C.; Mitrano, Matteo Nature Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3757	journal	October 2013
Highly confined low-loss plasmons in graphene–boron nitride heterostructures Woessner, Achim; Lundeberg, Mark B.; Gao, Yuanda Nature Materials, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4169	journal	December 2014
Photocurrent measurements of supercollision cooling in graphene Graham, Matt W.; Shi, Su-Fei; Ralph, Daniel C. Nature Physics, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys2493	journal	December 2012
Superballistic flow of viscous electron fluid through graphene constrictions Krishna Kumar, R.; Bandurin, D. A.; Pellegrino, F. M. D. Nature Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys4240	journal	August 2017
Fluidity onset in graphene Bandurin, Denis A.; Shytov, Andrey V.; Levitov, Leonid S. Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07004-4	journal	October 2018
Fundamental limits to graphene plasmonics Ni, G. X.; McLeod, A. S.; Sun, Z. Nature, Vol. 557, Issue 7706 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0136-9	journal	May 2018
Imaging viscous flow of the Dirac fluid in graphene Ku, Mark J. H.; Zhou, Tony X.; Li, Qing Nature, Vol. 583, Issue 7817 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2507-2	journal	July 2020
Hydrodynamic model for electron-hole plasma in graphene Svintsov, D.; Vyurkov, V.; Yurchenko, S. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 111, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4705382	journal	April 2012
Universal linear and nonlinear electrodynamics of a Dirac fluid Sun, Zhiyuan; Basov, Dmitry N.; Fogler, Michael M. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 115, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717010115	journal	March 2018
Energy flows in graphene: hot carrier dynamics and cooling Song, Justin C. W.; Levitov, Leonid S. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 27, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/27/16/164201	journal	April 2015
Hydrodynamics of electrons in graphene Lucas, Andrew; Fong, Kin Chung Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 30, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/aaa274	journal	January 2018
The clustering of galaxies in the SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: baryon acoustic oscillations in the Data Releases 10 and 11 Galaxy samples Anderson, Lauren; Aubourg, Éric; Bailey, Stephen Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 441, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu523	journal	April 2014
Nonlocal hydrodynamic transport and collective excitations in Dirac fluids Kiselev, Egor I.; Schmalian, Jörg Physical Review B, Vol. 102, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.102.245434	journal	December 2020
Hydrodynamic collective modes in graphene Narozhny, B. N.; Gornyi, I. V.; Titov, M. Physical Review B, Vol. 103, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.103.115402	journal	March 2021
Quantum-critical relativistic magnetotransport in graphene Müller, Markus; Fritz, Lars; Sachdev, Subir Physical Review B, Vol. 78, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.78.115406	journal	September 2008
Time-resolved Raman spectroscopy of optical phonons in graphite: Phonon anharmonic coupling and anomalous stiffening Yan, Hugen; Song, Daohua; Mak, Kin Fai Physical Review B, Vol. 80, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.80.121403	journal	September 2009
Lifetimes of optical phonons in graphene and graphite by time-resolved incoherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering Kang, Kwangu; Abdula, Daner; Cahill, David G. Physical Review B, Vol. 81, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.81.165405	journal	April 2010
Electron-electron interactions and plasmon dispersion in graphene Levitov, L. S.; Shtyk, A. V.; Feigelman, M. V. Physical Review B, Vol. 88, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.88.235403	journal	December 2013
Collision-dominated nonlinear hydrodynamics in graphene Briskot, U.; Schütt, M.; Gornyi, I. V. Physical Review B, Vol. 92, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.92.115426	journal	September 2015
Sound waves and resonances in electron-hole plasma Lucas, Andrew Physical Review B, Vol. 93, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.93.245153	journal	June 2016
Electronic sound modes and plasmons in hydrodynamic two-dimensional metals Lucas, Andrew; Das Sarma, Sankar Physical Review B, Vol. 97, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.97.115449	journal	March 2018
Hydrodynamic-to-ballistic crossover in Dirac materials Svintsov, D. Physical Review B, Vol. 97, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.97.121405	journal	March 2018
Acoustic plasmons at the crossover between the collisionless and hydrodynamic regimes in two-dimensional electron liquids Torre, Iacopo; Vieira de Castro, Luan; Van Duppen, Ben Physical Review B, Vol. 99, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.144307	journal	April 2019
Adiabatic Amplification of Plasmons and Demons in 2D Systems Sun, Zhiyuan; Basov, D. N.; Fogler, M. M. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 117, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.076805	journal	August 2016
Imaging the Breakdown of Ohmic Transport in Graphene Jenkins, Alec; Baumann, Susanne; Zhou, Haoxin Physical Review Letters, Vol. 129, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.087701	journal	August 2022
Generalized hydrodynamics revisited Dufty, James; Luo, Kai; Wrighton, Jeffrey Physical Review Research, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.023036	journal	April 2020
Mapping Local Charge Recombination Heterogeneity by Multidimensional Nanospectroscopic Imaging Bao, W.; Melli, M.; Caselli, N. Science, Vol. 338, Issue 6112 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1227977	journal	December 2012
Evidence for hydrodynamic electron flow in PdCoO2 Moll, P. J. W.; Kushwaha, P.; Nandi, N. Science, Vol. 351, Issue 6277 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac8385	journal	February 2016
Negative local resistance caused by viscous electron backflow in graphene Bandurin, D. A.; Torre, I.; Kumar, R. K. Science, Vol. 351, Issue 6277 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad0201	journal	February 2016
Observation of the Dirac fluid and the breakdown of the Wiedemann-Franz law in graphene Crossno, J.; Shi, J. K.; Wang, K. Science, Vol. 351, Issue 6277 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad0343	journal	February 2016
Quantum-critical conductivity of the Dirac fluid in graphene Gallagher, Patrick; Yang, Chan-Shan; Lyu, Tairu Science https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat8687	journal	February 2019
Measuring Hall viscosity of graphene’s electron fluid Berdyugin, A. I.; Xu, S. G.; Pellegrino, F. M. D. Science https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau0685	journal	February 2019
Hydrodynamic Terahertz Plasmons and Electron Sound in Graphene with Spatial Dispersion Fateev, D. V.; Popov, V. V. Semiconductors, Vol. 54, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063782620080084	journal	August 2020
The rise of graphene Rodgers, Peter; Geim, A. K.; Novoselov, K. S. Nanoscience and Technology: A Collection of Reviews from Nature Journals, p. 11-19 https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814287005_0002	book	August 2009

Similar Records

Electronic interactions in Dirac fluids visualized by nano-terahertz spacetime interference of electron-photon quasiparticles

Journal Article · Tue Oct 22 20:00:00 EDT 2024 · Science Advances · OSTI ID:2477950

Resonant plasmonic terahertz detection in vertical graphene-base hot-electron transistors

Journal Article · Fri Nov 27 23:00:00 EST 2015 · Journal of Applied Physics · OSTI ID:22492974

Wake potential in graphene-insulator-graphene composite systems

Journal Article · Mon Jul 01 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Physical Review B · OSTI ID:22946929

Related Subjects

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
nanophotonics and plasmonics
quantum fluids and solids
terahertz optics

Observation of hydrodynamic plasmons and energy waves in graphene

Citation Formats

References (37)

Similar Records

Related Subjects