Active Reconditioning of Retired Lithium-ion Battery Packs from Electric Vehicles for Second Life Applications

Rasheed, Marium; Hassan, Rohail; Kamel, Mohamed; Wang, Hongjie; Zane, Regan; Tong, Shijie; Smith, Kandler

doi:10.1109/jestpe.2023.3325251

Active Reconditioning of Retired Lithium-ion Battery Packs from Electric Vehicles for Second Life Applications

Journal Article · Tue Oct 17 00:00:00 EDT 2023 · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/jestpe.2023.3325251· OSTI ID:2222425

^[1]; ^[2]; Kamel, Mohamed ^[3]; ^[4]; ^[4]; Tong, Shijie ^[5]; Smith, Kandler ^[6]

Ford Motor Company Research and Advanced Engineering Center, Dearborn, MI (United States)
General Electric Global Research Center, Niskayuna, NY (United States)
General Motors Propulsion Systems Research, Warren, MI (United States)
Utah State University, Logan, UT (United States)
Smartville Inc, Carlsbad, CA (United States)
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Utilizing the remaining capacity in retired lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries from electric vehicles (EVs) for second-life applications has shown economic and environmental benefits. However, achieving homogeneity among the capacities of cells before their second life is critical to exploit the benefits. This article proposes a new active reconditioning approach with the potential to make short-term reconditioning of batteries before second life feasible. A control objective map determines each cell's state-of-charge (SOC) operating window based on its capacity relative to other cells. The SOC reference translates into distinct differential currents through the cells, wherein the higher-capacity cells undergo more frequent and deep charge and discharge cycles than their lower-capacity counterparts. The proposed solution achieves capacity homogeneity within the battery pack with low reconditioning time and minimal fade in the overall pack capacity. The feasibility of the reconditioning approach under varying load and environmental conditions is assessed through simulations, encompassing factors such as the number of cycles per day, depth-of-discharge, battery pack temperature, and cell resting time at different SOCs. Furthermore, the simulation model employs a battery pack with sixteen series-connected 75 Ah Kokam lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cells with a 3.6% initial capacity imbalance. A reconditioning time of 1.3 months is achieved with a final capacity imbalance of 0.1% and an overall capacity fade of 0.005%, thereby confirming the viability of the reconditioning process. Moreover, experimental validation using eight retired battery cells from a Nissan Leaf demonstrates a substantial decrease in the capacity imbalance of cells from 9.4% to 2.15% within 78 days, effectively affirming the efficacy of the proposed reconditioning scheme.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (ARPA-E)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308; AR0001045; EE0010406

OSTI ID:: 2222425

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA--5700-88153; MainId:88928; UUID:126dd747-9058-411f-82af-9f2f5117f96c; MainAdminId:71149

Journal Information:: IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, Journal Name: IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 12; ISSN 2168-6777

Publisher:: IEEECopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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