HELIUM IN NATAL H II REGIONS: THE ORIGIN OF THE X-RAY ABSORPTION IN GAMMA-RAY BURST AFTERGLOWS

Journal Article · Wed May 01 04:00:00 EDT 2013 · Astrophysical Journal

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/768/1/23· OSTI ID:22126854

Watson, Darach; Andersen, Anja C.; Fynbo, Johan P. U.; Hjorth, Jens; Kruehler, Thomas; Laursen, Peter; Leloudas, Giorgos; Malesani, Daniele ^[1]; Zafar, Tayyaba ^[2]; Gorosabel, Javier ^[3]; Jakobsson, Pall ^[4]

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1. Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen O (Denmark)
2. Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille - LAM, Universite Aix-Marseille and CNRS, UMR 7326, 38 rue F. Joliot-Curie, F-13388, Marseille Cedex 13 (France)
3. Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomia s/n, E-18008, Granada (Spain)
4. Centre for Astrophysics and Cosmology, Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 5, 107 Reykjavik (Iceland)

Soft X-ray absorption in excess of Galactic is observed in the afterglows of most gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), but the correct solution to its origin has not been arrived at after more than a decade of work, preventing its use as a powerful diagnostic tool. We resolve this long-standing problem and find that absorption by He in the GRB's host H II region is responsible for most of the absorption. We show that the X-ray absorbing column density (N{sub H{sub X}}) is correlated with both the neutral gas column density and with the optical afterglow's dust extinction (A{sub V} ). This correlation explains the connection between dark bursts and bursts with high N{sub H{sub X}} values. From these correlations, we exclude an origin of the X-ray absorption which is not related to the host galaxy, i.e., the intergalactic medium or intervening absorbers are not responsible. We find that the correlation with the dust column has a strong redshift evolution, whereas the correlation with the neutral gas does not. From this, we conclude that the column density of the X-ray absorption is correlated with the total gas column density in the host galaxy rather than the metal column density, in spite of the fact that X-ray absorption is typically dominated by metals. The strong redshift evolution of N{sub H{sub X}}/A{sub V} is thus a reflection of the cosmic metallicity evolution of star-forming galaxies and we find it to be consistent with measurements of the redshift evolution of metallicities for GRB host galaxies. We conclude that the absorption of X-rays in GRB afterglows is caused by He in the H II region hosting the GRB. While dust is destroyed and metals are stripped of all of their electrons by the GRB to great distances, the abundance of He saturates the He-ionizing UV continuum much closer to the GRB, allowing it to remain in the neutral or singly-ionized state. Helium X-ray absorption explains the correlation with total gas, the lack of strong evolution with redshift, as well as the absence of dust, metal or hydrogen absorption features in the optical-UV spectra.

• OSTI ID: 22126854
• Journal Information: Astrophysical Journal, Journal Name: Astrophysical Journal Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 768; ISSN ASJOAB; ISSN 0004-637X
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English

Related Subjects

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
ABSORPTION
AFTERGLOW
CORRELATIONS
COSMIC GAMMA BURSTS
DENSITY
DUSTS
ELECTRONS
GALAXIES
HELIUM
HYDROGEN
METALS
ORIGIN
RED SHIFT
SOFT X RADIATION
UNIVERSE