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Thin and transient meltwater layers and false bottoms in the Arctic sea ice pack—Recent insights on these historically overlooked features

Journal Article · · Elementa
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  1. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA (United States)
  2. Ecole Polytechnique Federale Lausanne (EPFL), Sion (Switzerland); University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE (France)
  3. University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (United States)
  4. University of East Anglia, Norwich (United Kingdom); Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven (Germany)
  5. University of Gothenburg (Sweden)
  6. Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø (Norway)
  7. University of Warwick, Coventry (United Kingdom); University of York (United Kingdom)
  8. Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME (United States)
  9. Ecole Polytechnique Federale Lausanne (EPFL), Sion (Switzerland)
  10. University of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States); National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, CO (United States)
  11. University of Helsinki (Finland)
  12. University of Groningen (Netherlands)
  13. Institute of Marine Research, Tromsø (Norway)
  14. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (United States)
  15. University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI (United States)
  16. Université de Liège (Belgium)
  17. University of Bergen (Norway)
  18. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven (Germany)
  19. Universität Hamburg (Germany)
  20. UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø (Norway)
  21. University of East Anglia, Norwich (United Kingdom)
  22. Université de Liège (Belgium); Université Libre de Bruxelles (Belgium)
  23. Hokkaido University (Japan)
  24. Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø (Norway); Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim (Norway)
  25. University of Plymouth (United Kingdom)
  26. University of Texas at Austin, TX (United States)
  27. University of Bremen (Germany)
  28. University of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States)
  29. Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen (China)
+ Show Author Affiliations
The rapid melt of snow and sea ice during the Arctic summer provides a significant source of low-salinity meltwater to the surface ocean on the local scale. The accumulation of this meltwater on, under, and around sea ice floes can result in relatively thin meltwater layers in the upper ocean. Due to the small-scale nature of these upper-ocean features, typically on the order of 1 m thick or less, they are rarely detected by standard methods, but are nevertheless pervasive and critically important in Arctic summer. Observations during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition in summer 2020 focused on the evolution of such layers and made significant advancements in understanding their role in the coupled Arctic system. Here we provide a review of thin meltwater layers in the Arctic, with emphasis on the new findings from MOSAiC. Both prior and recent observational datasets indicate an intermittent yet long-lasting (weeks to months) meltwater layer in the upper ocean on the order of 0.1 m to 1.0 m in thickness, with a large spatial range. The presence of meltwater layers impacts the physical system by reducing bottom ice melt and allowing new ice formation via false bottom growth. Collectively, the meltwater layer and false bottoms reduce atmosphere-ocean exchanges of momentum, energy, and material. The impacts on the coupled Arctic system are far-reaching, including acting as a barrier for nutrient and gas exchange and impacting ecosystem diversity and productivity.
Research Organization:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Archive
Sponsoring Organization:
National Science Foundation (NSF); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); Swedish Research Council; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Swiss Polar Institute (SPI); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)
Contributing Organization:
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL); Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL); Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); PNNL, BNL, ANL, ORNLPacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
Grant/Contract Number:
AC05-76RL01830; SC0019745; SC0022046
OSTI ID:
2205579
Journal Information:
Elementa, Journal Name: Elementa Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 11; ISSN 2325-1026
Publisher:
University of California PressCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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Related Subjects

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Air-sea gas exchange
Arctic ecosystem
Arctic sea ice
Atmosphere-ice-ocean interactions
MOSAiC expedition
Meltwater