Degradation and Modeling of Large-Format Commercial Lithium-Ion Cells as a Function of Chemistry, Design, and Aging Conditions

Journal Article · Wed Sep 27 00:00:00 EDT 2023 · Journal of Energy Storage

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.109042· OSTI ID:2203519

Gasper, Paul ; Saxon, Aron ; Shi, Ying; Endler, Elizabeth; Smith, Kandler ; Thakkar, Foram M.

Demand for large-format (>10 Ah) lithium-ion batteries has increased substantially in recent years, due to the growth of both electric vehicle and stationary energy storage markets. The economics of these applications is sensitive to the lifetime of the batteries, and end-of-life can either be due to energy or power limitations. Despite this, there is little information from cell manufacturers on the sensitivity of cell degradation to environmental conditions or battery use. This work reports accelerated aging test data from four commercial large-format lithium-ion batteries from three manufacturers, with varying design (thickness, casings, ...), chemistry (lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) or lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide positive electrodes (NMC), with graphite (Gr) negative electrodes), and capacity (50 to 250 Amp hours). The tested LFP|Gr cell is found to be relatively insensitive to cycling conditions like temperature or voltage window, while NMC|Gr cells have varying sensitivity. Degradation trends are further investigated by training predictive models: simple polynomial trend lines, a semi-empirical reduced-order model, and an empirical reduced-order model identified using machine-learning based on symbolic regression. Calendar and cycle life are simulated over a variety of conditions to directly compare the various batteries. Cell size and thickness are found to substantially impact sensitivity to temperature during cycle aging, while electrode chemistry impacts depth-of-discharge sensitivity. Real-world battery lifetime is evaluated by simulating residential energy storage and commercial frequency containment reserve systems in several U.S. climate regions. Predicted lifetime across cell types varies from 7 years to 20+ years, though all cells are predicted to have at least 10 year life in certain conditions.

• Research Organization: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
• Sponsoring Organization: Shell International Exploration & Production Inc.
• DOE Contract Number: AC36-08GO28308
• OSTI ID: 2203519
• Report Number(s): NREL/JA-5700-83317; MainId:84090; UUID:759de245-e9a1-4098-8b19-daa79c9f2182; MainAdminID:70797
• Journal Information: Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 73, Issue Part C
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English

Related Subjects

ENERGY STORAGE
battery lifetime
calendar life
cycle life
degradation
lifetime
lithium-ion battery
machine-learning
stationary energy storage