LOW CO LUMINOSITIES IN DWARF GALAXIES
- Max-Planck-Institut fuer Astronomie, Koenigstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg (Germany)
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903 (United States)
- Institut fuer Theoretische Astrophysik, Zentrum fuer Astronomie der Universitaet Heidelberg, Albert-Ueberle-Str. 2, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany)
- Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB (United Kingdom)
- IRAM, Avenida Divina Pastora 7, 18012 Granada (Spain)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7 (Canada)
- IRAM, 300 rue de la Piscine, 38406 St. Martin d'Heres (France)
- Observatorio Astronomico Nacional, Alfonso XII, 3, 28014 Madrid (Spain)
- MPIfR, Auf dem Huegel 69, 53121 Bonn (Germany)
We present maps of {sup 12}COJ = 2-1 emission covering the entire star-forming disks of 16 nearby dwarf galaxies observed by the IRAM HERACLES survey. The data have 13'' angular resolution, {approx}250 pc at our average distance of D = 4 Mpc, and sample the galaxies by 10-1000 resolution elements. We apply stacking techniques to perform the first sensitive search for CO emission in dwarf galaxies outside the Local Group ranging from individual lines of sight, stacking over IR-bright regions of embedded star formation, and stacking over the entire galaxy. We detect five galaxies in CO with total CO luminosities of L{sub CO2-1} = (3-28) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 6} K km s{sup -1} pc{sup 2}. The other 11 galaxies remain undetected in CO even in the stacked images and have L{sub CO2-1} {approx}< (0.4-8) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 6} K km s{sup -1} pc{sup 2}. We combine our sample of dwarf galaxies with a large sample of spiral galaxies from the literature to study scaling relations of L{sub CO} with M{sub B} and metallicity. We find that dwarf galaxies with metallicities of Z Almost-Equal-To 1/2-1/10 Z{sub Sun} have L{sub CO} of 2-4 orders of magnitude smaller than massive spiral galaxies and that their L{sub CO} per unit L{sub B} is 1-2 orders of magnitude smaller. A comparison with tracers of star formation (FUV and 24 {mu}m) shows that L{sub CO} per unit star formation rate (SFR) is 1-2 orders of magnitude smaller in dwarf galaxies. One possible interpretation is that dwarf galaxies form stars much more efficiently: we argue that the low L{sub CO}/SFR ratio is due to the fact that the CO-to-H{sub 2} conversion factor, {alpha}{sub CO}, changes significantly in low-metallicity environments. Assuming that a constant H{sub 2} depletion time of {tau}{sub dep} = 1.8 Gyr holds in dwarf galaxies (as found for a large sample of nearby spirals) implies {alpha}{sub CO} values for dwarf galaxies with Z Almost-Equal-To 1/2-1/10 Z{sub Sun} that are more than one order of magnitude higher than those found in solar metallicity spiral galaxies. Such a significant increase of {alpha}{sub CO} at low metallicity is consistent with previous studies, in particular those of Local Group dwarf galaxies that model dust emission to constrain H{sub 2} masses. Even though it is difficult to parameterize the dependence of {alpha}{sub CO} on metallicity given the currently available data, the results suggest that CO is increasingly difficult to detect at lower metallicities. This has direct consequences for the detectability of star-forming galaxies at high redshift, which presumably have on average sub-solar metallicity.
- OSTI ID:
- 22034447
- Journal Information:
- Astronomical Journal (New York, N.Y. Online), Vol. 143, Issue 6; Other Information: Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); ISSN 1538-3881
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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