LOW-METALLICITY STAR FORMATION: PRESTELLAR COLLAPSE AND PROTOSTELLAR ACCRETION IN THE SPHERICAL SYMMETRY
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502 (Japan)
- IPMU, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583 (Japan)
The collapse of dense cores with metallicities 0-1 Z{sub sun} is studied by hydrodynamical calculations coupled with detailed chemical and radiative processes. For this purpose, we construct a simple chemical network with non-equilibrium reactions among 15 chemical species, H{sup +}, e, H, H{sub 2}, D{sup +}, D, HD, C{sup +}, C, CO, CO{sub 2}, O, OH, H{sub 2}O, and O{sub 2}, which reproduces the abundance of important molecular coolants given by a more detailed network very well. Starting from the initial density of 10{sup 4} cm{sup -3}, the evolution is followed until the formation of a hydrostatic protostar at the center {approx}10{sup 21} cm{sup -3}. In a lower-metallicity gas cloud, the temperature during the collapse remains high owing to less efficient cooling. After the cloud core becomes optically thick to the thermal emission by dust, temperature evolution at the center converges to a single trajectory, except for cases with metallicity {<=}10{sup -6} Z{sub sun}, where the temperature remains slightly higher than in higher-metallicity cases even after becoming optically thick to thermal radiation by the H{sub 2} collision-induced emission. The protostellar masses at their formation are a few 10{sup -3} M{sub sun}, being slightly higher for cases with {<=}10{sup -6} Z{sub sun}. Using the temperature evolution at the center as a function the density, we discuss the possibility of fragmentation during the dust-cooling phase. The critical metallicity for the fragmentation is 10{sup -5} Z{sub sun} assuming moderate elongation of the cloud cores at the onset of this phase. From the density and velocity distributions at the time of protostar formation, we evaluate the mass accretion rate in the subsequent accretion phase. The accretion rate is larger than the Shu accretion rate for the inside-out collapse from an initially static cloud {approx_equal}c {sup 3}{sub s}/G, where c{sub s} is the sound speed in the prestellar gas, by about a factor of 10 owing to more dynamical nature of the collapse. Using these accretion rates, we also calculate the evolution of the protostars under the assumption of stationary accretion flow. For {>=}10{sup -4} Z{sub sun}, we succeed in following their evolution well after the arrival to the main-sequence phase. For lower-metallicity cases, however, owing to too high accretion rates {approx}> a few 10{sup -3} M{sub sun} yr{sup -1}, the total luminosity, which consists of contribution from accretion and internal luminosity, reaches the Eddington limit, thereby rendering the stationary accretion impossible for {approx}>100 M{sub sun}. Finally, we discuss the possible suppression of fragmentation by heating of the ambient gas by protostellar radiation, which is considered important in the contemporary star formation. We argue that it is negligible for <10{sup -2} Z{sub sun}.
- OSTI ID:
- 21464600
- Journal Information:
- Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 722, Issue 2; Other Information: DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/722/2/1793; ISSN 0004-637X
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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Related Subjects
COSMOLOGY AND ASTRONOMY
ABUNDANCE
CARBON DIOXIDE
CARBON IONS
CARBON MONOXIDE
DEUTERIUM IONS
DUSTS
EMISSION
GALACTIC EVOLUTION
GALAXIES
HYDROGEN
HYDROGEN IONS 1 PLUS
LUMINOSITY
PROTOSTARS
STAR EVOLUTION
STARS
WATER
CARBON COMPOUNDS
CARBON OXIDES
CATIONS
CHALCOGENIDES
CHARGED PARTICLES
ELEMENTS
EVOLUTION
HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS
HYDROGEN IONS
IONS
NONMETALS
OPTICAL PROPERTIES
OXIDES
OXYGEN COMPOUNDS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES