Intra-urban variability of air pollution in Windsor, Ontario-Measurement and modeling for human exposure assessment
- Health Canada, Air Health Effects Division, 3rd Floor, 269 Laurier Avenue West, PL 4903c, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9 (Canada)
- University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4 (Canada)
- Environment Canada, Air Quality Research Branch, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4 (Canada)
There are acknowledged difficulties in epidemiological studies to accurately assign exposure to air pollution for large populations, and large, long-term cohort studies have typically relied upon data from central monitoring stations. This approach has generally been adequate when populations span large areas or diverse cities. However, when the effects of intra-urban differences in exposure are being studied, the use of these existing central sites are likely to be inadequate for representing spatial variability that exists within an urban area. As part of the Border Air Quality Strategy (BAQS), an international agreement between the governments of Canada and the United States, a number of air health effects studies are being undertaken by Health Canada and the US EPA. Health Canada's research largely focuses on the chronic exposure of elementary school children to air pollution. The exposure characterization for this population to a variety of air pollutants has been assessed using land-use regression (LUR) models. This approach has been applied in several cities to nitrogen dioxide (NO{sub 2}), as an assumed traffic exposure marker. However, the models have largely been developed from limited periods of saturation monitoring data and often only represent one or two seasons. Two key questions from these previous efforts, which are examined in this paper, are: If NO{sub 2} is a traffic marker, what other pollutants, potentially traffic related, might it actually represent? How well is the within city spatial variability of NO{sub 2}, and other traffic-related pollutants, characterized by a single saturation monitoring campaign. Input data for the models developed in this paper were obtained across a network of 54 monitoring sites situated across Windsor, Ontario. The pollutants studied were NO{sub 2}, sulfur dioxide (SO{sub 2}) and volatile organic compounds, which were measured in all four seasons by deploying passive samplers for 2-week periods. Correlations among these pollutants were calculated to assess what other pollutants NO{sub 2} might represent, and correlations across seasons for a given pollutant were determined to assess how much the within-city spatial pattern varies with time. LUR models were then developed for NO{sub 2}, SO{sub 2}, benzene, and toluene. A multiple regression model including proximity to the Ambassador Bridge (the main Canada-US border crossing point), and proximity to highways and major roads, predicted NO{sub 2} concentrations with an R{sup 2}=0.77. The SO{sub 2} model predictors included distance to the Ambassador Bridge, dwelling density within 1500 m, and Detroit-based SO{sub 2} emitters within 3000 m resulting in a model with an R{sup 2}=0.69. Benzene and toluene LUR models included traffic predictors as well as point source emitters resulting in R{sup 2}=0.73 and 0.46, respectively. Between season pollutant correlations were all significant although actual concentrations for each site varied by season. This suggests that if one season were to be selected to represent the annual concentrations for a specific site this may lead to a potential under or overestimation in exposure, which could be significant for health research. All pollutants had strong inter-pollutant correlations suggesting that NO{sub 2} could represent SO{sub 2}, benzene, and toluene.
- OSTI ID:
- 21077746
- Journal Information:
- Environmental Research, Vol. 106, Issue 1; Other Information: DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2007.09.004; PII: S0013-9351(07)00191-0; Copyright (c) 2007 Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, All rights reserved; Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); ISSN 0013-9351
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
Similar Records
Assessment of Air Emissions at the U S Liquids Exploration and Production Land Treatment Facility
The Swedish Urban Air Quality Network - a cost efficient long term program