Liquid Hydrogen: Target, Detector

Journal Article · Wed Jun 23 04:00:00 EDT 2004 · AIP Conference Proceedings

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1774662· OSTI ID:20653146

Mulholland, G T ^[1]; Harigel, G G ^[2]

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1. Applied Cryogenics Technology, Ovilla TX 75154 (United States)
2. CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23 (Switzerland)

In 1952 D. Glaser demonstrated that a radioactive source's radiation could boil 135 deg. C superheated-diethyl ether in a 3-mm O glass vessel and recorded bubble track growth on high-speed film in a 2-cm3 chamber. This Bubble Chamber (BC) promised improved particle track time and spatial resolution and cycling rate. Hildebrand and Nagle, U of Chicago, reported Liquid Hydrogen minimum ionizing particle boiling in August 1953. John Wood created the 3.7-cm O Liquid Hydrogen BC at LBL in January 1954. By 1959 the Lawrence Berkley Laboratory (LBL) Alvarez group's '72-inch' BC had tracks in liquid hydrogen. Within 10 years bubble chamber volumes increased by a factor of a million and spread to every laboratory with a substantial high-energy physics program. The BC, particle accelerators and special separated particle beams created a new era of High Energy Physics (HEP) experimentation. The BC became the largest most complex cryogenic installation at the world's HEP laboratories for decades. The invention and worldwide development, deployment and characteristics of these cryogenic dynamic target/detectors and related hydrogen targets are described.

• OSTI ID: 20653146
• Journal Information: AIP Conference Proceedings, Journal Name: AIP Conference Proceedings Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 710; ISSN APCPCS; ISSN 0094-243X
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English

Related Subjects

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ACCELERATORS
BUBBLE CHAMBERS
ETHYL ETHER
FILMS
GLASS
HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS
HYDROGEN
LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY
LIQUIDS
PARTICLE BEAMS
PARTICLE TRACKS
RADIATION SOURCES
SPATIAL RESOLUTION
THERMODYNAMICS