Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells: A Comparative Review of Acidic and Alkaline Systems

Berretti, Enrico; Osmieri, Luigi; Baglio, Vincenzo; Miller, Hamish A.; Filippi, Jonathan; Vizza, Francesco; Santamaria, Monica; Specchia, Stefania; Santoro, Carlo; Lavacchi, Alessandro

doi:10.1007/s41918-023-00189-3

Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells: A Comparative Review of Acidic and Alkaline Systems

Journal Article · Thu Aug 24 00:00:00 EDT 2023 · Electrochemical Energy Reviews

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-023-00189-3· OSTI ID:1998120

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National Research Council (CNR), Florence (Italy)
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
National Research Council (CNR), Messina (Italy)
University of Palermo (Italy)
National Research Council (CNR), Messina (Italy); Polytechnic Univ. of Turin (Italy)
Univ. di Milano (Italy)

In the last 20 years, direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs) have been the subject of tremendous research efforts for the potential application as on-demand power sources. Two leading technologies respectively based on proton exchange membranes (PEMs) and anion exchange membranes (AEMs) have emerged: the first one operating in an acidic environment and conducting protons; the second one operating in alkaline electrolytes and conducting hydroxyl ions. In this review, we present an analysis of the state-of-the-art acidic and alkaline DAFCs fed with methanol and ethanol with the purpose to support a comparative analysis of acidic and alkaline systems, which is missing in the current literature. A special focus is placed on the effect of the reaction stoichiometry in acidic and alkaline systems. Particularly, we point out that, in alkaline systems, OH^– participates stoichiometrically to reactions, and that alcohol oxidation products are anions. This aspect must be considered when designing the fuel and when making an energy evaluation from a whole system perspective.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: 89233218CNA000001

OSTI ID:: 1998120

Report Number(s):: LA-UR--22-25869

Journal Information:: Electrochemical Energy Reviews, Journal Name: Electrochemical Energy Reviews Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 6; ISSN 2520-8489

Publisher:: Springer NatureCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Direct ethanol fuel cells based on PtSn anodes: the effect of Sn content on the fuel cell performance Zhou, W. J.; Song, S. Q.; Li, W. Z. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 140, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.08.003	journal	January 2005
Characterisation of zirconium and titanium phosphates and direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) performance of functionally graded Nafion(R) composite membranes prepared out of them Bauer, F.; Willert-Porada, M. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 145, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.01.063	journal	August 2005
Alkaline direct alcohol fuel cells using an anion exchange membrane Matsuoka, Koji; Iriyama, Yasutoshi; Abe, Takeshi Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 150 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.02.020	journal	October 2005
Water flooding and two-phase flow in cathode channels of proton exchange membrane fuel cells Liu, Xuan; Guo, Hang; Ma, Chongfang Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 156, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.06.027	journal	June 2006
A review of anode catalysis in the direct methanol fuel cell Liu, Hansan; Song, Chaojie; Zhang, Lei Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 155, Issue 2, p. 95-110 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.01.030	journal	April 2006
Development of alkaline direct methanol fuel cells based on crosslinked PVA polymer membranes Yang, Chun-Chen; Chiu, Shwu-Jer; Chien, Wen-Chen Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 162, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.06.065	journal	November 2006
Preparation of Nafion-sulfonated clay nanocomposite membrane for direct menthol fuel cells via a film coating process Kim, Tae Kyoung; Kang, Myeongsoon; Choi, Yeong Suk Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 165, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.11.055	journal	February 2007
Metal foams as flow field and gas diffusion layer in direct methanol fuel cells Arisetty, Srikanth; Prasad, Ajay K.; Advani, Suresh G. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 165, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.12.008	journal	February 2007
Characterization of transport properties in gas diffusion layers for proton exchange membrane fuel cells Gurau, Vladimir; Bluemle, Michael J.; De Castro, Emory S. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 165, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.12.068	journal	March 2007
Preparation and properties of high performance nanocomposite proton exchange membrane for fuel cell Lin, Yu-Feng; Yen, Chuan-Yu; Ma, Chen-Chi M. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 165, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.01.011	journal	March 2007
PtM/C (M=Sn, Ru, Pd, W) based anode direct ethanol–PEMFCs: Structural characteristics and cell performance Tsiakaras, P. E. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 171, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.02.005	journal	September 2007
A novel composite membranes based on sulfonated montmorillonite modified Nafion® for DMFCs Lin, Yu-Feng; Yen, Chuan-Yu; Hung, Chih-Hung Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 168, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.02.079	journal	May 2007
Water and air management systems for a passive direct methanol fuel cell Jewett, Gregory; Guo, Zhen; Faghri, Amir Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 168, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.03.052	journal	June 2007
Catalysts for direct ethanol fuel cells Antolini, Ermete Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 170, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.04.009	journal	June 2007
Investigations into the ex situ methanol, ethanol and ethylene glycol permeabilities of alkaline polymer electrolyte membranes Varcoe, John R.; Slade, Robert C. T.; Yee, Eric Lam How Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 173, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.04.068	journal	November 2007
DMFC anode polarization: Experimental analysis and model validation Casalegno, A.; Marchesi, R. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 175, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.09.003	journal	January 2008
Performance of a direct methanol alkaline membrane fuel cell Scott, K.; Yu, E.; Vlachogiannopoulos, G. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 175, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.09.027	journal	January 2008
Catalytic activity of platinum/tungsten oxide nanorod electrodes towards electro-oxidation of methanol Maiyalagan, T.; Viswanathan, B. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 175, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.09.106	journal	January 2008
Efficient electrochemical oxidation of ethanol to carbon dioxide in a fuel cell at ambient temperature Ghumman, Azra; Pickup, Peter G. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 179, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.12.071	journal	April 2008
Optimization of properties and operating parameters of a passive DMFC mini-stack at ambient temperature Baglio, V.; Stassi, A.; Matera, F. V. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 180, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.02.078	journal	June 2008
Alkali doped polybenzimidazole membrane for high performance alkaline direct ethanol fuel cell Hou, Hongying; Sun, Gongquan; He, Ronghuan Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 182, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.04.010	journal	July 2008
Study of poly(vinyl alcohol)/titanium oxide composite polymer membranes and their application on alkaline direct alcohol fuel cell Yang, Chun-Chen; Chiu, Shwu-Jer; Lee, Kuo-Tong Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 184, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.06.011	journal	September 2008
Methanol permeability and proton conductivity of Nafion membranes modified electrochemically with polyaniline Huang, Q. M.; Zhang, Q. L.; Huang, H. L. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 184, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.06.013	journal	October 2008
Surface-modified Nafion membranes with mesoporous SiO2 layers via a facile dip-coating approach for direct methanol fuel cells Lin, Yuhan; Li, Haidong; Liu, Changpeng Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 185, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.08.067	journal	December 2008
Direct ethanol fuel cells using an anion exchange membrane Fujiwara, Naoko; Siroma, Zyun; Yamazaki, Shin-ichi Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 185, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.09.024	journal	December 2008
A novel inorganic/organic composite membrane tailored by various organic silane coupling agents for use in direct methanol fuel cells Li, Tao; Yang, Yong Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 187, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.11.035	journal	February 2009
MEA for alkaline direct ethanol fuel cell with alkali doped PBI membrane and non-platinum electrodes Modestov, A. D.; Tarasevich, M. R.; Leykin, A. Yu. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 188, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.11.118	journal	March 2009
Cell performance of Pd–Sn catalyst in passive direct methanol alkaline fuel cell using anion exchange membrane Kim, Jandee; Momma, Toshiyuki; Osaka, Tetsuya Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 189, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.12.108	journal	April 2009
Nafion®/bio-functionalized montmorillonite nanohybrids as novel polyelectrolyte membranes for direct methanol fuel cells Hasani-Sadrabadi, Mohammad Mahdi; Dashtimoghadam, Erfan; Majedi, Fatemeh S. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 190, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.01.043	journal	May 2009
Pd and Pt–Ru anode electrocatalysts supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes and their use in passive and active direct alcohol fuel cells with an anion-exchange membrane (alcohol=methanol, ethanol, glycerol) Bambagioni, Valentina; Bianchini, Claudio; Marchionni, Andrea Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 190, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.01.044	journal	May 2009
Methanol permeability and performance of Nafion–zirconium phosphate composite membranes in active and passive direct methanol fuel cells Arbizzani, C.; Donnadio, A.; Pica, M. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 195, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.07.034	journal	December 2010
Synthesis of PdNi catalysts for the oxidation of ethanol in alkaline direct ethanol fuel cells Shen, S. Y.; Zhao, T. S.; Xu, J. B. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 195, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.08.079	journal	February 2010
An in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroelectrochemical study on ethanol electrooxidation on Pd in alkaline solution Fang, Xiang; Wang, Lianqin; Shen, Pei Kang Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 195, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.09.025	journal	March 2010
Quaternized poly(vinyl alcohol)/alumina composite polymer membranes for alkaline direct methanol fuel cells Yang, Chun-Chen; Chiu, Shwu-Jer; Chien, Wen-Chen Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 195, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.10.091	journal	April 2010
Alkaline direct alcohol fuel cells Antolini, E.; Gonzalez, E. R. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 195, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.11.145	journal	June 2010
Enhanced performance of a direct methanol alkaline fuel cell (DMAFC) using a polyvinyl alcohol/fumed silica/KOH electrolyte Lue, Shingjiang Jessie; Wang, Wei-Ting; Mahesh, K. P. O. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 195, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.06.049	journal	December 2010
Sodium borohydride as an additive to enhance the performance of direct ethanol fuel cells Wang, Lianqin; Bambagioni, Valentina; Bevilacqua, Manuela Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 195, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.06.101	journal	December 2010
Cathode flooding behaviour in alkaline direct ethanol fuel cells Li, Y. S.; Zhao, T. S.; Chen, R. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 196, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.06.111	journal	January 2011
Low methanol crossover and high efficiency direct methanol fuel cell: The influence of diffusion layers Casalegno, A.; Santoro, C.; Rinaldi, F. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 196, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.050	journal	March 2011
Durability study of KOH doped polybenzimidazole membrane for air-breathing alkaline direct ethanol fuel cell Hou, Hongying; Wang, Suli; Jiang, Qian Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 196, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.104	journal	March 2011
A novel direct ethanol fuel cell with high power density An, L.; Zhao, T. S.; Chen, R. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 196, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.03.040	journal	August 2011
On the proton conductivity of Nafion–Faujasite composite membranes for low temperature direct methanol fuel cells Zhang, Zhonghua; Désilets, François; Felice, Valeria Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 196, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.07.009	journal	November 2011
Where do poly(vinyl alcohol) based membranes stand in relation to Nafion® for direct methanol fuel cell applications? Maiti, Jatindranath; Kakati, Nitul; Lee, Seok Hee Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 216 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.05.057	journal	October 2012
Water transport and flooding in DMFC: Experimental and modeling analyses Zago, M.; Casalegno, A.; Santoro, C. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 217 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.06.022	journal	November 2012
PdRu/C catalysts for ethanol oxidation in anion-exchange membrane direct ethanol fuel cells Ma, Liang; He, Hui; Hsu, Andrew Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 241 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.051	journal	November 2013
Performance of a passive direct ethanol fuel cell Pereira, J. P.; Falcão, D. S.; Oliveira, V. B. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 256 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.12.036	journal	June 2014
The effect of ethanol concentration on the direct ethanol fuel cell performance and products distribution: A study using a single fuel cell/attenuated total reflectance – Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Assumpção, M. H. M. T.; Nandenha, J.; Buzzo, G. S. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 253 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.12.088	journal	May 2014
Degradation of SS316L bipolar plates in simulated fuel cell environment: Corrosion rate, barrier film formation kinetics and contact resistance Papadias, Dionissios D.; Ahluwalia, Rajesh K.; Thomson, Jeffery K. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 273 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.02.053	journal	January 2015
Two 3D structured Co-Ni bimetallic oxides as cathode catalysts for high-performance alkaline direct methanol fuel cells Liu, Yan; Shu, Chengyong; Fang, Yuan Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 361 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.062	journal	September 2017
Product distributions and efficiencies for ethanol oxidation at PtNi octahedra Altarawneh, Rakan M.; Brueckner, Tobias M.; Chen, Binyu Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 400 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.08.052	journal	October 2018
One-step efficiently coupling ultrafine Pt–Ni2P nanoparticles as robust catalysts for methanol and ethanol electro-oxidation in fuel cells reaction Liu, Hui; Yang, Dawen; Bao, Yufei Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 434 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.226754	journal	September 2019
Commercial platinum group metal-free cathodic electrocatalysts for highly performed direct methanol fuel cell applications Lo Vecchio, C.; Serov, A.; Romero, H. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 437 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.226948	journal	October 2019
Significantly enhanced performance of direct methanol fuel cells at elevated temperatures Cheng, Yi; Zhang, Jin; Lu, Shanfu Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 450 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227620	journal	February 2020
Metal-organic-framework-derived electrocatalysts for alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells da Silva Freitas, Williane; Mecheri, Barbara; Lo Vecchio, Carmelo Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 550 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.232135	journal	December 2022
Ruthenium-loaded titania nanotube arrays as catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline membrane electrolysis Capozzoli, Laura; Caprì, Angela; Baglio, Vincenzo Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 562 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.232747	journal	April 2023
Zirconium phosphate (ZrP)-based functional materials: Synthesis, properties and applications Xiao, Huaping; Liu, Shuhai Materials & Design, Vol. 155 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.05.041	journal	October 2018
Reduction of alcohol permeation through Nafion® by polypyrrole Sungpet, A. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 226, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2003.08.015	journal	December 2003
Microstructural characterization of Zr-phosphate–Nafion® membranes for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications Bauer, F.; Willert-Porada, M. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 233, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2004.01.010	journal	April 2004
Proton conductivity and methanol permeation in Nafion™/ORMOSIL prepared with various organic silanes Kim, Y.; Choi, W.; Woo, S. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 238, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2004.04.005	journal	July 2004
Preparation and characterization of crosslinked PVA/SiO2 hybrid membranes containing sulfonic acid groups for direct methanol fuel cell applications Kim, D. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 240, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2004.04.010	journal	September 2004
Sulfonated polyethersulfone Cardo membranes for direct methanol fuel cell Li, Lei; Wang, Yuxin Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 246, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2004.08.015	journal	January 2005
Polymer nanocomposite membranes for DMFC application Karthikeyan, C.; Nunes, S.; Prado, L. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 254, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2004.12.048	journal	June 2005
Organic/inorganic composite membranes for application in DMFC Gaowen, Z.; Zhentao, Z. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 261, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2005.03.036	journal	September 2005
Composite silica/Nafion® membranes prepared by tetraethylorthosilicate sol–gel reaction and solution casting for direct methanol fuel cells Jiang, Ruichun; Kunz, H. Russell; Fenton, James M. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 272, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2005.07.026	journal	March 2006
Casting Nafion–sulfonated organosilica nano-composite membranes used in direct methanol fuel cells Li, Chennan; Sun, Gongquan; Ren, Suzhen Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 272, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2005.07.032	journal	March 2006
Organic silica/Nafion® composite membrane for direct methanol fuel cells Ren, S.; Sun, G.; Li, C. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 282, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.05.050	journal	October 2006
Diphenylsilicate-incorporated Nafion® membranes for reduction of methanol crossover in direct methanol fuel cells Liang, Z. X.; Zhao, T. S.; Prabhuram, J. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 283, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.06.031	journal	October 2006
Quaternized poly(phthalazinon ether sulfone ketone) membrane for anion exchange membrane fuel cells Fang, Jun; Shen, Pei Kang Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 285, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.08.037	journal	November 2006
Nafion based organic/inorganic composite membrane for air-breathing direct methanol fuel cells Lee, W.; Kim, H.; Kim, T. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 292, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.12.051	journal	April 2007
Supercritical CO2 assisted synthesis of highly selective nafion–zeolite nanocomposite membranes for direct methanol fuel cells Gribov, Evgueni N.; Parkhomchuk, Ekaterina V.; Krivobokov, Ivan M. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 297, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2007.03.020	journal	July 2007
Composite membranes based on highly sulfonated PEEK and PBI: Morphology characteristics and performance Zhang, Haiqiu; Li, Xianfeng; Zhao, Chengji Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 308, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2007.09.045	journal	February 2008
Composite Nafion® membrane embedded with hybrid nanofillers for promoting direct methanol fuel cell performance Tay, Siok Wei; Zhang, Xinhui; Liu, Zhaolin Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 321, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.04.049	journal	August 2008
Incorporation of heteropoly acid, tungstophosphoric acid within MCM-41 via impregnation and direct synthesis methods for the fabrication of composite membrane of DMFC Kim, Y. C.; Jeong, J. Y.; Hwang, J. Y. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 325, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.07.039	journal	November 2008
Nafion®/H-ZSM-5 composite membranes with superior performance for direct methanol fuel cells Yildirim, Mustafa Hakan; Curòs, Anna Roca; Motuzas, Julius Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 338, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.04.009	journal	August 2009
Mordenite-incorporated PVA–PSSA membranes as electrolytes for DMFCs Bhat, S. D.; Sahu, A. K.; George, C. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 340, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.05.014	journal	September 2009
Blends based on sulfonated poly[bis(benzimidazobenzisoquinolinones)] and poly(vinylidene fluoride) for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell Wang, Junhua; Li, Nanwen; Cui, Zhiming Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 341, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.06.002	journal	September 2009
Novel organic–inorganic composite polymer-electrolyte membranes for DMFCs Sahu, A. K.; Bhat, S. D.; Pitchumani, S. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 345, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.09.016	journal	December 2009
Nafion®/mordenite composite membranes for improved direct methanol fuel cell performance Yoonoo, Chaiwat; Dawson, Craig P.; Roberts, Edward P. L. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 369, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.12.030	journal	March 2011
Alkali doped polyvinyl alcohol/multi-walled carbon nano-tube electrolyte for direct methanol alkaline fuel cell Pan, Wen-Han; Lue, S. Jessie; Chang, Chia-Ming Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 376, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.04.026	journal	July 2011
Cell performance of direct methanol alkaline fuel cell (DMAFC) using anion exchange membranes prepared from PVA-Based block copolymer Higa, Mitsuru; Mehdizadeh, Soroush; Feng, Shiyan Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 597 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117618	journal	March 2020
Porous layered oxide/Nafion® nanocomposite membranes for direct methanol fuel cell applications Hudiono, Yeny; Choi, Sunho; Shu, Shu Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, Vol. 118, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2008.09.017	journal	February 2009
Engineering three-dimensional superstructure of Pd aerogel with enhanced performance for ethanol electrooxidation Mohammad Mostashari, Seyed; Amiri Dehkharghani, Rahebeh; Farsadrooh, Majid Journal of Molecular Liquids, Vol. 360 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119363	journal	August 2022
Fabrication of interface-engineered Ni/NiO/rGO nanobush for highly efficient and durable oxygen reduction Wang, Yanan; Duan, Chunyang; Li, Junhua Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, Vol. 156 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2022.107259	journal	March 2023
Recent progress in the development of anode and cathode catalysts for direct methanol fuel cells Tiwari, Jitendra N.; Tiwari, Rajanish N.; Singh, Gyan Nano Energy, Vol. 2, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2013.06.009	journal	September 2013
PtAg bimetallic nanowires: Facile synthesis and their use as excellent electrocatalysts toward low-cost fuel cells Cao, Xia; Wang, Ning; Han, Yu Nano Energy, Vol. 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.12.020	journal	March 2015
Ruthenium–platinum core–shell nanocatalysts with substantially enhanced activity and durability towards methanol oxidation Xie, Jin; Zhang, Qinghua; Gu, Lin Nano Energy, Vol. 21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.01.013	journal	March 2016
Insights on the extraordinary tolerance to alcohols of Fe-N-C cathode catalysts in highly performing direct alcohol fuel cells Sebastián, D.; Serov, A.; Matanovic, I. Nano Energy, Vol. 34 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.02.039	journal	April 2017
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The promise of hydrogen production from alkaline anion exchange membrane electrolyzers Li, Changqing; Baek, Jong-Beom Nano Energy, Vol. 87 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106162	journal	September 2021
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Facile Synthesis of Pt-Cu (Ni, Co)/GNs-CD and Their Enhanced Electro-Catalytic Activity for Methanol Oxidation Lei, Fengling; Li, Zhongshui; Zhang, Lian Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1211608jes	journal	January 2016
Communication—Acid-Treated Nickel-Rich Platinum–Nickel Alloys for Oxygen Reduction and Methanol Oxidation Reactions in Alkaline Media Tamaki, Takanori; Yamada, Yusuke; Kuroki, Hidenori Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1611707jes	journal	January 2017
Characterization of Nafion^®/Zirconium Sulphophenyl Phosphate Nanocomposite Membrane for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells Kim, Young-Sang; Cho, Hyun-Seok; Song, Min-Kyu Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Vol. 8, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.ic63	journal	September 2008
Activated Graphite Supported Tunable Au–Pd Bimetallic Nanoparticle Composite Electrode for Methanol Oxidation Sakthinathan, Subramanian; Thagavelu, Kokulnathan; Tamizhdurai, P. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Vol. 20, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.18584	journal	October 2020
Nafion-layered silicate nanocomposite membrane for fuel cell application Thomassin, Jean-Michel; Pagnoulle, Christophe; Bizzari, Didier e-Polymers, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly.2004.4.1.182	journal	December 2004
Processing of Copper Based Foil Hardened with Zirconia by Non-Deformation Method Vieira Junior, Luiz Eloi; Bendo, Tatiana; Nieto, Maria Izabel Materials Research, Vol. 20, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2016-0574	journal	May 2017
Electrochemistry of Proton Conducting Membrane Fuel Cells Ball, Reviewed by Sarah C. Platinum Metals Review, Vol. 49, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1595/147106705x25525	journal	January 2005
SYNTHESIS OF ACETIC ACID FROM ETHANOL BY ELECTROOXIDATION TECHNIQUE USING Ni-Cu-PVC ELECTRODE Riyanto, Riyanto; Othman, Mohamed Rozali; Salimon, Jumat ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development, Vol. 25, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.267	journal	November 2017
PtRu Nanoparticles Deposited by the Sulfite Complex Method on Highly Porous Carbon Xerogels: Effect of the Thermal Treatment Alegre, Cinthia; Sebastián, David; Gálvez, María Catalysts, Vol. 3, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/catal3030744	journal	September 2013
Synthesis and Electrocatalytic Performance of Multi-Component Nanoporous PtRuCuW Alloy for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells Chen, Xiaoting; Wang, Hao; Wang, Ying Catalysts, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/catal5031003	journal	June 2015
Methanol-Tolerant M–N–C Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reactions in Acidic Media and Their Application in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells Lo Vecchio, Carmelo; Sebastián, David; Lázaro, María Catalysts, Vol. 8, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8120650	journal	December 2018
In-situ Quantification of Nanoparticles Oxidation: A Fixed Energy X-ray Absorption Approach No authors listed Catalysts, Vol. 9, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9080659	journal	July 2019
Recent Advances in the Development of Nanocatalysts for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells de Sá, Maria H.; Moreira, Catarina S.; Pinto, Alexandra M. F. R. Energies, Vol. 15, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176335	journal	August 2022
Cost Analysis of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Stacks for Mass Production Sgroi, Mauro; Zedde, Furio; Barbera, Orazio Energies, Vol. 9, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/en9121008	journal	November 2016
Investigation of Supported Pd-Based Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Performance, Durability and Methanol Tolerance Lo Vecchio, Carmelo; Alegre, Cinthia; Sebastián, David Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8125438	journal	November 2015
Modifications on Promoting the Proton Conductivity of Polybenzimidazole-Based Polymer Electrolyte Membranes in Fuel Cells Chen, Junyu; Cao, Jiamu; Zhang, Rongji Membranes, Vol. 11, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11110826	journal	October 2021
Effect of Anode Material on Electrochemical Oxidation of Low Molecular Weight Alcohols—A Review Wala, Marta; Simka, Wojciech Molecules, Vol. 26, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082144	journal	April 2021
The Effect of Sulfated Zirconia and Zirconium Phosphate Nanocomposite Membranes on Fuel-Cell Efficiency Sigwadi, Rudzani; Mokrani, Touhami; Msomi, Phumlani Polymers, Vol. 14, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14020263	journal	January 2022
New Electrocatalysts for Electro-Oxidation of Methanol Prepared by Bönnemann´s Method Neto, A. O.; Franco, E. G.; Aricó, E. Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 22, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.4152/pea.200402093	journal	January 2004
Preparation and Methanol Permeability of Polyaniline/Nafion Composite Membrane Shimizu, Takahiro; Naruhashi, Tomonao; Momma, Toshiyuki Electrochemistry, Vol. 70, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5796/electrochemistry.70.991	journal	December 2002
Effect of Wet-Proofing Treatment of Carbon Backing Layer in Gas Diffusion Electrodes on the PEFC Performance Song, Jung Min; Uchida, Hiroyuki; Watanabe, Masahiro Electrochemistry, Vol. 73, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5796/electrochemistry.73.189	journal	March 2005

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