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Title: Roadmap on energy harvesting materials

Journal Article · · JPhys Materials
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Abstract Ambient energy harvesting has great potential to contribute to sustainable development and address growing environmental challenges. Converting waste energy from energy-intensive processes and systems (e.g. combustion engines and furnaces) is crucial to reducing their environmental impact and achieving net-zero emissions. Compact energy harvesters will also be key to powering the exponentially growing smart devices ecosystem that is part of the Internet of Things, thus enabling futuristic applications that can improve our quality of life (e.g. smart homes, smart cities, smart manufacturing, and smart healthcare). To achieve these goals, innovative materials are needed to efficiently convert ambient energy into electricity through various physical mechanisms, such as the photovoltaic effect, thermoelectricity, piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, and radiofrequency wireless power transfer. By bringing together the perspectives of experts in various types of energy harvesting materials, this Roadmap provides extensive insights into recent advances and present challenges in the field. Additionally, the Roadmap analyses the key performance metrics of these technologies in relation to their ultimate energy conversion limits. Building on these insights, the Roadmap outlines promising directions for future research to fully harness the potential of energy harvesting materials for green energy anytime, anywhere.

Research Organization:
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)
Grant/Contract Number:
AC36-08GO28308; AC02-05CH11231; NA-0003525; AR0001215
OSTI ID:
1993878
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 1962210; OSTI ID: 2280928
Journal Information:
JPhys Materials, Journal Name: JPhys Materials Vol. 6 Journal Issue: 4; ISSN 2515-7639
Publisher:
IOP PublishingCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United Kingdom
Language:
English

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Formation of Triboelectric Series via Atomic-Level Surface Functionalization for Triboelectric Energy Harvesting journal June 2017
SiGe nanowire arrays based thermoelectric microgenerator journal March 2019
Do we really need high thermoelectric figures of merit? A critical appraisal to the power conversion efficiency of thermoelectric materials journal September 2011
Wireless body sensor networks based on metamaterial textiles journal June 2019
Quantifying and understanding the triboelectric series of inorganic non-metallic materials journal April 2020
Rationalizing the Triboelectric Series of Polymers journal February 2019
Efficient natural piezoelectric nanogenerator: Electricity generation from fish swim bladder journal October 2016
Non-Linear Self-Heating in Organic Transistors Reaching High Power Densities journal June 2018
Perspectives on Thermoelectricity in Layered and 2D Materials journal September 2018
High thermoelectric performance realized through manipulating layered phonon-electron decoupling journal March 2022
Clathrate thermoelectrics journal October 2016
New sustainable ternary copper phosphide thermoelectrics journal January 2022
Efficient Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters Utilizing (001) Textured Bimorph PZT Films on Flexible Metal Foils journal June 2016
Thermal Transport in 2D Semiconductors—Considerations for Device Applications journal August 2019
High-entropy-stabilized chalcogenides with high thermoelectric performance journal February 2021
A review of the advances in composites/nanocomposites for triboelectric nanogenerators journal March 2022
Earth Abundant Element Type I Clathrate Phases journal August 2016
Analysis of CdTe photovoltaic cells for ambient light energy harvesting journal July 2020
Efficient Energy Harvesting Using Piezoelectric Compliant Mechanisms: Theory and Experiment journal January 2016
High-performance thermoelectrics and challenges for practical devices journal October 2021
Piezoelectric Tensor of Collagen Fibrils Determined at the Nanoscale journal May 2017
Unique Thermoelectric Properties Induced by Intrinsic Nanostructuring in a Polycrystalline Thin‐Film Two‐Dimensional Metal–Organic Framework, Copper Benzenehexathiol journal November 2020
High thermoelectric cooling performance of n-type Mg 3 Bi 2 -based materials journal July 2019
A Critical Outlook for the Pursuit of Lower Contact Resistance in Organic Transistors journal October 2021
Charge-transport model for conducting polymers journal November 2016
Thermoelectric performance of lanthanum telluride produced via mechanical alloying journal September 2008
Cascade surface modification of colloidal quantum dot inks enables efficient bulk homojunction photovoltaics journal January 2020
Organic thermoelectric materials for energy harvesting and temperature control journal August 2016
Charge-Carrier Mobilities in Metal Halide Perovskites: Fundamental Mechanisms and Limits journal June 2017
Dopant‐Free Polymer HTM‐Based CsPbI 2 Br Solar Cells with Efficiency Over 17% in Sunlight and 34% in Indoor Light journal July 2021
Maximum efficiencies of indoor photovoltaic devices journal January 2013
An electrospun nanowire-based triboelectric nanogenerator and its application in a fully self-powered UV detector journal January 2014
Energy‐Saving Pathways for Thermoelectric Nanomaterial Synthesis: Hydrothermal/Solvothermal, Microwave‐Assisted, Solution‐Based, and Powder Processing journal July 2022
Internet of Things: Energy boon or bane? journal April 2019
Ab Initio Prediction of Piezoelectricity in Two-Dimensional Materials journal September 2015
Multiple-Filled Skutterudites: High Thermoelectric Figure of Merit through Separately Optimizing Electrical and Thermal Transports journal May 2011
Carbon and carbon composites for thermoelectric applications journal July 2020
Ultrahigh piezoelectricity in ferroelectric ceramics by design journal March 2018
Simple Salt-Coordinated n-Type Nanocarbon Materials Stable in Air journal April 2016
Enhancing the Contact between a-IGZO and Metal by Hydrogen Plasma Treatment for a High-Speed Varactor (>30 GHz) journal April 2022
High-performance flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators consisting of porous cellulose nanofibril (CNF)/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) aerogel films journal August 2016
Convergence of multi-valley bands as the electronic origin of high thermoelectric performance in CoSb3 skutterudites journal October 2015
Suppressed oxidation of tin perovskite by Catechin for eco-friendly indoor photovoltaics journal January 2021
Giant Seebeck coefficient in semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotube film journal January 2014
Enhanced Thermoelectric Properties of Pb-doped BiCuSeO Ceramics journal July 2013
A comprehensive review on the output voltage/power of wearable thermoelectric generators concerning their geometry and thermoelectric materials journal November 2021
Mechanically Robust and Flexible Films of Ionic Liquid‐Modulated Polymer Thermoelectric Composites journal July 2021
Thermoelectric nanospectroscopy for the imaging of molecular fingerprints journal August 2020
Self-Assembly of Organic Ferroelectrics by Evaporative Dewetting: A Case of β-Glycine journal June 2017
A practical field guide to thermoelectrics: Fundamentals, synthesis, and characterization journal June 2018
Emerging Theory, Materials, and Screening Methods: New Opportunities for Promoting Thermoelectric Performance journal February 2019
Halogen regulation of inorganic perovskites toward robust triboelectric nanogenerators and charging polarity series journal January 2020
Stretchable, Breathable, and Stable Lead‐Free Perovskite/Polymer Nanofiber Composite for Hybrid Triboelectric and Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting journal March 2022
Photovoltaic Characterization Under Artificial Low Irradiance Conditions Using Reference Solar Cells journal July 2020
Low-voltage gallium–indium–zinc–oxide thin film transistors based logic circuits on thin plastic foil: Building blocks for radio frequency identification application journal April 2011
Study of Laterally Stacked Nanostructures Using an Organic Semiconducting Channel Fabricated by Trench Isolation Technique journal January 2020
Panchromatic heterojunction solar cells for Pb-free all-inorganic antimony based perovskite journal September 2021
Fully Integrated 2.4-GHz Flexible Rectifier Using Chemical-Vapor-Deposition Graphene MMIC Process journal March 2021
From contact electrification to triboelectric nanogenerators journal September 2021
Anderson transition in stoichiometric Fe2VAl: high thermoelectric performance from impurity bands journal June 2022
Ultralow contact resistance between semimetal and monolayer semiconductors journal May 2021
Millimeter-Wave Power Harvesting: A Review journal January 2020
Possible High Thermoelectric Power in Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes ∼ A Case Study of Doped One-Dimensional Semiconductors journal February 2018
Piezotronics and piezo-phototronics for adaptive electronics and optoelectronics journal May 2016
Stability and residual stresses of sputtered wurtzite AlScN thin films journal March 2021
Ultrahigh charge density realized by charge pumping at ambient conditions for triboelectric nanogenerators journal July 2018
Effects of partial La filling and Sb vacancy defects on CoS b 3 skutterudites journal April 2017
Nature driven spider silk as high energy conversion efficient bio-piezoelectric nanogenerator journal July 2018
Polycrystalline SnSe with a thermoelectric figure of merit greater than the single crystal journal August 2021
High Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Polymer Composites with Vertically Aligned Silicon Carbide Sheet Scaffolds journal April 2020
On the expanded Maxwell’s equations for moving charged media system – General theory, mathematical solutions and applications in TENG journal January 2022
Thin Film Thermoelectric Metal-Organic Framework with High Seebeck Coefficient and Low Thermal Conductivity journal April 2015
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Transport Properties of the Hexagonal Mo9 Cluster Compound Ag3RbMo9Se11 journal August 2017
Enhanced thermoelectric properties of CNT/PANI composite nanofibers by highly orienting the arrangement of polymer chains journal January 2012
Metallic MXenes: A new family of materials for flexible triboelectric nanogenerators journal February 2018
$ per W metrics for thermoelectric power generation: beyond ZT journal January 2013
Creep behavior and post-creep thermoelectric performance of the n-type Skutterudite alloy Yb0.3Co4Sb12 journal January 2021
Molecular modeling of electron trapping in polymer insulators journal July 2000
A Self-Powered Triboelectric Nanosensor for Mercury Ion Detection journal April 2013
Organic Electronics Picks Up the Pace: Mask‐Less, Solution Processed Organic Transistors Operating at 160 MHz journal January 2021
Large violation of the Wiedemann–Franz law in Heusler, ferromagnetic, Weyl semimetal Co2MnAl journal August 2021
2D Materials for Wearable Energy Harvesting journal March 2022
Origin of high piezoelectricity in carbon nanotube/halide nanocrystal/P(VDF-TrFE) composite nanofibers designed for bending-energy harvesters and pressure sensors journal August 2022
Dielectric Modulated Glass Fiber Fabric‐Based Single Electrode Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Efficient Biomechanical Energy Harvesting journal June 2021
Recent development in lead-free perovskite piezoelectric bulk materials journal October 2018
Multifunctional Latex/Polytetrafluoroethylene-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self-Powered Organ-like MXene/Metal–Organic Framework-Derived CuO Nanohybrid Ammonia Sensor journal February 2021
On the first principle theory of nanogenerators from Maxwell's equations journal February 2020
Next-generation organic photovoltaics based on non-fullerene acceptors journal February 2018
Emerging approaches, challenges and opportunities in life cycle assessment journal June 2014
Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator from Waste Materials for Autonomous Information Transmission via Morse Code journal January 2022
AlGaAs Photovoltaics for Indoor Energy Harvesting in mm-Scale Wireless Sensor Nodes journal July 2015
Reconstructing phonon mean-free-path contributions to thermal conductivity using nanoscale membranes journal June 2015
New high temperature amorphous protective coatings for Mg2Si thermoelectric material journal June 2019
Small contact resistance and high-frequency operation of flexible low-voltage inverted coplanar organic transistors journal March 2019
Design Strategy of Quantum Dot Thin‐Film Solar Cells journal October 2020
Abnormal Grain Growth in AlScN Thin Films Induced by Complexion Formation at Crystallite Interfaces journal October 2018
Self‐Powered Sensors Enabled by Wide‐Bandgap Perovskite Indoor Photovoltaic Cells journal August 2019
High-Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerator with a Rationally Designed Friction Layer Structure journal May 2018
Translation of device performance measurements to reference conditions journal September 1986
Engineering Materials at the Nanoscale for Triboelectric Nanogenerators journal August 2020
Thermoelectric performance of a metastable thin-film Heusler alloy journal November 2019
Clathrate BaNi2P4: An Interplay of Heat and Charge Transport Due to Strong Host–Guest Interactions journal August 2020
Thermoelectric Materials: Current Status and Future Challenges journal August 2021
Influence of CdTe thickness on structural and electrical properties of CdTe/CdS solar cells journal May 2013
High efficiency single-junction InGaP photovoltaic devices under low intensity light illumination conference June 2017
Enhanced thermoelectric performance of β-Zn4Sb3 based nanocomposites through combined effects of density of states resonance and carrier energy filtering journal December 2015
Realizing a thermoelectric conversion efficiency of 12% in bismuth telluride/skutterudite segmented modules through full-parameter optimization and energy-loss minimized integration journal January 2017
Highly sensitive self-powered pressure and strain sensor based on crumpled MXene film for wireless human motion detection journal February 2022
Design, assembly and characterization of silicide-based thermoelectric modules journal February 2016
Macro energy harvester based on Aluminium Nitride thin films conference October 2011
Room-temperature processed Ag/Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3–Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3-based composites for printable piezoelectric energy harvesters journal February 2022
Intrinsic Ultralow Lattice Thermal Conductivity in the Full-Heusler Compound Ba2AgSb journal March 2022
Piezoelectric materials for flexible and wearable electronics: A review journal December 2021
3D-printed programmable tensegrity for soft robotics journal August 2020
Lead Leaching of Perovskite Solar Cells in Aqueous Environments: A Quantitative Investigation journal June 2022
Advanced Thermoelectric Design: From Materials and Structures to Devices journal July 2020
Stoichiometric and off-stoichiometric full Heusler Fe2V1xWxAl thermoelectric systems journal August 2020
Microwave rectification by a carbon nanotube Schottky diode journal July 2008
Ultralow thermal conductivity and high thermoelectric figure of merit in SnSe crystals journal April 2014
Energy Harvesting Research: The Road from Single Source to Multisource journal June 2018
Organic RFID transponder chip with data rate compatible with electronic product coding journal July 2010
Porous Field-Effect Transistors Based on a Semiconductive Metal–Organic Framework journal November 2016
Yb 14 MnSb 11 :  New High Efficiency Thermoelectric Material for Power Generation journal April 2006
Advances in thermoelectric materials research: Looking back and moving forward journal September 2017
Thermoelectric materials and applications for energy harvesting power generation journal November 2018
Coexistence of Contact Electrification and Dynamic p–n Junction Modulation Effects in Triboelectrification journal June 2022
Integrating graphene into semiconductor fabrication lines journal May 2019
Nanocrystalline triple perovskite compounds A3Fe2BO9 (A = Sr, Ba; B = W, Te) with ferromagnetic and dielectric properties for triboelectric energy harvesting journal January 2022
Unconventional Clathrates with Transition Metal–Phosphorus Frameworks journal December 2017
Toward High-Thermoelectric-Performance Large-Size Nanostructured BiSbTe Alloys via Optimization of Sintering-Temperature Distribution journal April 2016
Wireless battery-free wearable sweat sensor powered by human motion journal October 2020
High‐Speed Organic Single‐Crystal Transistor Responding to Very High Frequency Band journal February 2020
Smart Textiles for Electricity Generation journal March 2020
Directional dependent piezoelectric effect in CVD grown monolayer MoS 2 for flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators journal April 2016
A Microporous and Naturally Nanostructured Thermoelectric Metal-Organic Framework with Ultralow Thermal Conductivity journal September 2017
Large-area and adaptable electrospun silicon-based thermoelectric nanomaterials with high energy conversion efficiencies journal November 2018
Multifunctional potassium thiocyanate interlayer for eco-friendly tin perovskite indoor and outdoor photovoltaics journal April 2022
Lycopene‐Based Bionic Membrane for Stable Perovskite Photovoltaics journal April 2021
14 GHz Schottky Diodes Using a p ‐Doped Organic Polymer journal January 2022
Biofilm material based triboelectric nanogenerator with high output performance in 95% humidity environment journal November 2020
Toward High‐Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerators by Engineering Interfaces at the Nanoscale: Looking into the Future Research Roadmap journal August 2020
On-Chip Antennas book January 2016
Phonon-glass electron-crystal thermoelectric clathrates: Experiments and theory journal June 2014
Microwave and Millimeter Wave Power Beaming journal January 2021
Nanoampere‐Level Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Performance of Lithography‐Free Centimeter‐Scale MoS 2 Monolayer Film Generators journal April 2022
The correlation between limiting efficiency of indoor photovoltaics and spectral characteristics of multi-color white LED sources journal May 2021
Enhancing the Microstructure of Perovskite‐Inspired Cu‐Ag‐Bi‐I Absorber for Efficient Indoor Photovoltaics journal July 2022
A 13.56 MHz Rectifier Based on Fully Inkjet Printed Organic Diodes journal July 2020
Piezoelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting and Sensing Applications: Roadmap for Future Smart Materials journal July 2021
Promising thermoelectric properties in AgxMo9Se11 compounds (3.4≤x≤3.9) journal April 2011
On Maxwell's displacement current for energy and sensors: the origin of nanogenerators journal March 2017
Racemic Amino Acid Piezoelectric Transducer journal January 2019
All-silicon thermoelectric micro/nanogenerator including a heat exchanger for harvesting applications journal February 2019
Giant piezoelectricity of monolayer group IV monochalcogenides: SnSe, SnS, GeSe, and GeS journal October 2015
Fabrication and application of biocompatible nanogenerators journal April 2021
Giant anomalous Nernst effect and quantum-critical scaling in a ferromagnetic semimetal journal July 2018
Dual-Polarized Wearable Antenna/Rectenna for Full-Duplex and MIMO Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT) journal January 2021
Comprehensive review on the development of high mobility in oxide thin film transistors journal October 2017
High thermoelectric figure of merit of Mg2Si0.55Sn0.4Ge0.05 materials doped with Bi and Sb journal October 2013
A sub-150-nanometre-thick and ultraconformable solution-processed all-organic transistor journal October 2021
Two-dimensional materials with piezoelectric and ferroelectric functionalities journal June 2018
Nanoscale Ferroelectricity in Crystalline γ-Glycine journal April 2012
History and recent progress in piezoelectric polymers journal November 2000
Enhanced Piezoelectric Response of AlN via CrN Alloying journal March 2018
Contact Electrification at the Liquid–Solid Interface journal June 2021
Flexible triboelectric generator journal March 2012
Elastic modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion of piezoelectric Al 1−x Sc x N (up to x = 0.41) thin films journal July 2018
Field-effect transistors made from solution-grown two-dimensional tellurene journal April 2018
Material insights and challenges for non-fullerene organic solar cells based on small molecular acceptors journal July 2018
All-fiber hybrid piezoelectric-enhanced triboelectric nanogenerator for wearable gesture monitoring journal June 2018
Perovskite-inspired Cu2AgBiI6 for mesoscopic indoor photovoltaics under realistic low-light intensity conditions journal January 2023
Full‐Dimensional Grain Boundary Stress Release for Flexible Perovskite Indoor Photovoltaics journal March 2022
Recent progress in p-type thermoelectric magnesium silicide based solid solutions journal June 2017
Measurements of Ambipolar Seebeck Coefficients in High-Mobility Diketopyrrolopyrrole Donor-Acceptor Copolymers journal August 2017
High‐efficiency single‐junction p‐i‐n GaAs solar cell on roll‐to‐roll epi‐ready flexible metal foils for low‐cost photovoltaics journal July 2020
Perovskite Photovoltaics on Roll-To-Roll Coated Ultra-thin Glass as Flexible High-Efficiency Indoor Power Generators journal May 2020
Printable Smart Pattern for Multifunctional Energy-Management E-Textile journal July 2019
Advances in Piezoelectric Polymer Composites for Energy Harvesting Applications: A Systematic Review journal November 2018
Enhanced control of self-doping in halide perovskites for improved thermoelectric performance journal December 2019
Systematic Conversion of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes into n-type Thermoelectric Materials by Molecular Dopants journal November 2013
Novel symmetrical bifacial flexible CZTSSe thin film solar cells for indoor photovoltaic applications journal May 2021
Quantifying the triboelectric series journal March 2019
New KNN-based lead-free piezoelectric ceramic for high-frequency ultrasound transducer applications journal January 2015
Lead-free piezoceramics: Status and perspectives journal August 2018
Emerging Indoor Photovoltaic Technologies for Sustainable Internet of Things journal June 2021
Mapping Thermoelectric Transport in a Multicomponent Alloy Space journal June 2022
Vertically Oriented Sub-10-nm Plasmonic Nanogap Arrays journal June 2010
Intrinsic Piezoelectricity in Two-Dimensional Materials journal September 2012
Perspective on the Development of Lead-free Piezoceramics journal June 2009
A droplet-based electricity generator with high instantaneous power density journal February 2020
Potential of AgBiI4 rudorffites for indoor photovoltaic energy harvesters in autonomous environmental nanosensors journal April 2021
Magneto-Seebeck microscopy of domain switching in collinear antiferromagnet CuMnAs journal September 2020
Biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerator as a life-time designed implantable power source journal March 2016
Materials for energy harvesting: At the forefront of a new wave journal March 2018
Microampere-level piezoelectric energy generation in Pb-free inorganic halide thin-film multilayers with Cu interlayers journal February 2022
Graphene in 2D/3D Heterostructure Diodes for High Performance Electronics and Optoelectronics journal March 2021
Simultaneous Enhancement of Electrical Conductivity and Thermopower of Bi 2 Te 3 by Multifunctionality of Native Defects journal May 2015
Reliable Fabrication of Metal Contacts on Silicon Nanowire Forests journal July 2016
Simultaneous increase in electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient in highly boron-doped nanocrystalline Si journal April 2013
Standards and figure-of-merits for quantifying the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators journal September 2015
Machine Learning Approaches for Thermoelectric Materials Research journal November 2019
The cradle to gate life-cycle assessment of thermoelectric materials: A comparison of inorganic, organic and hybrid types journal April 2021
Anisotropic Thermal Transport in Thermoelectric Composites of Conjugated Polyelectrolytes/Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes journal June 2016
Indoor photovoltaics, The Next Big Trend in solution‐processed solar cells journal March 2021
Efficient kesterite solar cells with high open-circuit voltage for applications in powering distributed devices journal November 2017
Flexible diodes for radio frequency (RF) electronics: a materials perspective journal October 2017
A 13.56-MHz RFID System Based on Organic Transponders journal January 2007
1-mW Vibration Energy Harvester Based on a Cantilever with Printed Polymer Multilayers journal June 2020
Super-robust and frequency-multiplied triboelectric nanogenerator for efficient harvesting water and wind energy journal October 2019
Metal–organic frameworks for thermoelectric energy-conversion applications journal November 2016
Surface electrical properties modulation by multimode polarizations inside hybrid perovskite films investigated through contact electrification effect journal November 2021