Water-Weakening and Time-Dependent Deformation of Organic-Rich Chalks

Kibikas, William M.; Choens, R. Charles; Bauer, Stephen J.; Shalev, Eyal; Lyakhovsky, Vladimir

doi:10.1007/s00603-023-03453-6

Title: Water-Weakening and Time-Dependent Deformation of Organic-Rich Chalks

Journal Article · Fri Aug 04 00:00:00 EDT 2023 · Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-023-03453-6· OSTI ID:1993643

; Choens, R. Charles; Bauer, Stephen J.; Shalev, Eyal; Lyakhovsky, Vladimir

Abstract The Ghareb Formation is a shallowly buried porous chalk in southern Israel that is being considered as a host rock for a geologic nuclear waste repository. Setup and operation of a repository will induce significant mechanical, hydrological and chemical perturbations in the Ghareb. Developing a secure repository requires careful characterization of the rock behavior to different loads. To characterize hydromechanical behavior of the Ghareb, several short- and long-term deformation experiments were conducted. Hydrostatic loading tests were conducted both dry and water-saturated, using different setups to measure elastic properties, time-dependent behavior, and permeability. A set of triaxial tests were conducted to measure the elastic properties and rock strength under differential loading at dry and water-saturated conditions. The hydrostatic tests showed the Ghareb began to deform inelastically around 12–15 MPa, a relatively low effective pressure. Long-term permeability measurements demonstrated that permeability declined with increasing effective pressure and was permanently reduced by ~ 1 order of magnitude after unloading pressure. Triaxial tests showed that water saturation significantly degrades the rock properties of the Ghareb, indicating water-weakening is a significant risk during repository operation. Time-dependent deformation is observed during hold periods of both the hydrostatic and triaxial tests, with deformation being primarily visco-plastic. The rate of deformation and permeability loss is strongly controlled by the effective pressure as well. Additionally, during holds of both hydrostatic and triaxial tests, it is observed that when water-saturated, radial strain surpassed axial strain when above effective pressures of 13–20 MPa. Thus, deformation anisotropy may occur in situ during operations even if the stress conditions are hydrostatic when above this pressure range.

View Journal Article

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation

Grant/Contract Number:: NA0003525

OSTI ID:: 1993643

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 2311469

Report Number(s):: SAND-2023-07628J; PII: 3453

Journal Information:: Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, Journal Name: Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering Vol. 56 Journal Issue: 11; ISSN 0723-2632

Publisher:: Springer Science + Business MediaCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: Austria

Language:: English

References (55)

Acoustic and Petrophysical Evolution of Organic-Rich Chalk Following Maturation Induced by Unconfined Pyrolysis Shitrit, Omri; Hatzor, Yossef H.; Feinstein, Shimon Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, Vol. 50, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1325-9	journal	September 2017
Microstructural Control of Physical Properties During Deformation of Porous Limestone Brantut, Nicolas; Baker, Madeline; Hansen, Lars N. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol. 123, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB015636	journal	June 2018
Artificial maturation of an immature sulfur- and organic matter-rich limestone from the Ghareb Formation, Jordan Koopmans, Martin P.; Rijpstra, W. Irene C.; de Leeuw, Jan W. Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 28, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00015-1	journal	May 1998
Experimental Study on the Water-Induced Weakening of Calcarenites Ciantia, Matteo Oryem; Castellanza, Riccardo; di Prisco, Claudio Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, Vol. 48, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0603-z	journal	May 2014
Compaction-Induced Porosity/Permeability Reduction in Sandstone Reservoirs: Data and Model for Elasticity-Dominated Deformation Schutjens, P. M. T. M.; Hanssen, T. H.; Hettema, M. H. H. SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering, Vol. 7, Issue 03 https://doi.org/10.2118/88441-PA	journal	June 2004
Shear and compaction band formation on an elliptic yield cap Rudnicki, John W. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 109, Issue B3 https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002633	journal	January 2004
Time-dependent cracking and brittle creep in crustal rocks: A review Brantut, N.; Heap, M. J.; Meredith, P. G. Journal of Structural Geology, Vol. 52 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2013.03.007	journal	July 2013
Water weakening of chalk— Mechanical effects of water–glycol mixtures Risnes, R.; Madland, M. V.; Hole, M. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 48, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2005.04.004	journal	July 2005
Effect of kerogen on rock physics of immature organic-rich chalks Shitrit, Omri; Hatzor, Yossef H.; Feinstein, Shimon Marine and Petroleum Geology, Vol. 73 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.03.023	journal	May 2016
Compaction creep of wet granular calcite by pressure solution at 28°C to 150°C Zhang, Xiangmin; Spiers, Christopher J.; Peach, Colin J. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 115, Issue B9 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB005853	journal	January 2010
Seventeenth Canadian Geotechnical Colloquium: The effect of cohesion loss and stress path on brittle rock strength Martin, C. D. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 34, Issue 5, p. 698-725 https://doi.org/10.1139/t97-030	journal	October 1997
Localized failure modes in a compactant porous rock Wong, Teng-fong; Baud, Patrick; Klein, Emmanuelle Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 28, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL012960	journal	July 2001
Permeability-porosity Relationships in Rocks Subjected to Various Evolution Processes Bernabé, Y.; Mok, U.; Evans, B. Pure and Applied Geophysics, Vol. 160, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00012574	journal	May 2003
Compaction, dilatancy, and failure in porous carbonate rocks: COMPACTION POROUS CARBONATE ROCKS Vajdova, Veronika; Baud, Patrick; Wong, Teng-fong Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol. 109, Issue B5 https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002508	journal	May 2004
From fractures to flow: A field-based quantitative analysis of an outcropping carbonate reservoir Agosta, F.; Alessandroni, M.; Antonellini, M. Tectonophysics, Vol. 490, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2010.05.005	journal	July 2010
Relative permeability as a function of temperature, initial water saturation and flooding fluid compositions for modified oil-wet chalk Hamouda, A. A.; Karoussi, O.; Chukwudeme, E. A. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 63, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2008.10.002	journal	December 2008
Mechanical behaviour and failure mode of bentheim sandstone under triaxial compression Klein, E.; Baud, P.; Reuschlé, T. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy, Vol. 26, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00017-5	journal	January 2001
The influence of temperature, strain rate and interstitial water in the experimental deformation of calcite rocks Rutter, Ernest H. Tectonophysics, Vol. 22, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(74)90089-4	journal	June 1974
Geological storage of high level nuclear waste Kim, Jin-Seop; Kwon, Sang-Ki; Sanchez, Marcelo KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 15, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-011-0012-8	journal	April 2011
Modelling yield cap evolution in sandstone based on brittle creep experiments Choens, R. C.; Bauer, S. J.; Shalev, E. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol. 141 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2021.104706	journal	May 2021
Dissolution kinetics of natural calcite minerals in CO2-water systems approaching calcite equilibrium Svensson, U.; Dreybrodt, W. Chemical Geology, Vol. 100, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(92)90106-F	journal	October 1992
Compaction and Porosity Reduction in Carbonates: A Review of Observations, Theory, and Experiments Croizé, Delphine; Renard, François; Gratier, Jean-Pierre Advances in Geophysics https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-380940-7.00003-2	book	January 2013
Coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical processes in the near field of a high-level radioactive waste repository in clay formations Tsang, C. F.; Barnichon, J. D.; Birkholzer, J. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol. 49 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2011.09.015	journal	January 2012
The effect of fluid composition, salinity, and acidity on subcritical crack growth in calcite crystals: SUBCRITICAL CRACK IN CALCITE Bergsaker, Anne Schad; Røyne, Anja; Ougier-Simonin, Audrey Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol. 121, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012723	journal	March 2016
The transition from brittle faulting to cataclastic flow: Permeability evolution Zhu, Wenlu; Wong, Teng-fong Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol. 102, Issue B2 https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03282	journal	February 1997
Multi-geophysical Investigation of Geological Structures in a Pre-selected High-level Radioactive Waste Disposal Area in Northwestern China An, Zhiguo; Di, Qingyun; Wang, Ruo Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, Vol. 18, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.2113/JEEG18.2.137	journal	June 2013
Validation study of water weakening research from outcrop chalks performed on Eldfisk reservoir cores Kallesten, Emanuela I.; Cherif, Yosra; Madland, Merete V. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 198 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2020.108164	journal	March 2021
Effects of Porosity and Water Saturation on the Yield Surface of Upper Cretaceous Reservoir Chalks From the Danish North Sea Amour, F.; Christensen, H. F.; Hajiabadi, M. R. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol. 126, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB020608	journal	March 2021
Brittle and semibrittle creep of Tavel limestone deformed at room temperature: MECHANISMS OF CREEP IN CARBONATE ROCKS Nicolas, A.; Fortin, J.; Regnet, J. B. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol. 122, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013557	journal	June 2017
Micromechanics of pressure-induced grain crushing in porous rocks Zhang, Jiaxiang; Wong, Teng-Fong; Davis, Daniel M. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, Issue B1 https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB01p00341	journal	January 1990
Mechanical and petrophysical behavior of organic-rich chalk from the Judea Plains, Israel Bisnovat, Ksenia; Hatzor, Yossef H.; Vinegar, Harold J. Marine and Petroleum Geology, Vol. 64 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.02.044	journal	June 2015
Acoustic Emissions Monitoring during Inelastic Deformation of Porous Sandstone: Comparison of Three Modes of Deformation Fortin, Jerome; Stanchits, Sergei; Dresen, Georg Pure and Applied Geophysics, Vol. 166, Issue 5-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-009-0479-0	journal	May 2009
Uranium Retardation Capacity of Lithologies from the Negev Desert, Israel—Rock Characterization and Sorption Experiments Dangelmayr, Martin A.; Bussod, Gilles Y.; Reimus, Paul W. Minerals, Vol. 12, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/min12060728	journal	June 2022
In situ strength and failure mechanisms of migmatitic gneiss and pegmatitic granite at the nuclear waste disposal site in Olkiluoto, Western Finland Siren, T.; Hakala, M.; Valli, J. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol. 79 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.08.012	journal	October 2015
Experimental calcite dissolution under stress: Evolution of grain contact microstructure during pressure solution creep Croizé, Delphine; Renard, François; Bjørlykke, Knut Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 115, Issue B9 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB000869	journal	January 2010
Mechanical compaction, microstructures and permeability evolution in sandstones David, C.; Menendez, B.; Zhu, W. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy, Vol. 26, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00021-7	journal	January 2001
Subcritical crack growth in geological materials Atkinson, Barry Kean Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol. 89, Issue B6 https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB06p04077	journal	June 1984
Mechanisms of time-dependent deformation in porous limestone Brantut, Nicolas; Heap, Michael J.; Baud, Patrick Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol. 119, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011186	journal	July 2014
The disposal of radioactive wastes underground Chapman, Neil; Hooper, Alan Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, Vol. 123, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2011.10.001	journal	January 2012
Fractured Rock Permeability as a Function of Temperature and Confining Pressure Alam, A. K. M. Badrul; Fujii, Yoshiaki; Fukuda, Daisuke Pure and Applied Geophysics, Vol. 172, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-015-1073-2	journal	April 2015
Fault zone architecture and permeability structure Caine, Jonathan Saul; Evans, James P.; Forster, Craig B. Geology, Vol. 24, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<1025:FZAAPS>2.3.CO;2	journal	January 1996
Impacts of Limestone Vertical Permeability Heterogeneity on Fluid–Rock Interaction During CCS Khather, Mohamed; Saeedi, Ali; Myers, Matthew B. Transport in Porous Media, Vol. 142, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-022-01751-1	journal	March 2022
Laboratory measurement of compaction-induced permeability change in porous rocks: Implications for the generation and maintenance of pore pressure excess in the crust David, Christian; Wong, Teng-Fong; Zhu, Wenlu Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, Vol. 143, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00874337	journal	January 1994
The influence of CO2 gas and carbonate water on the mechanical stability of chalk Madland, Merete V.; Finsnes, Anne; Alkafadgi, Ali Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 51, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2006.01.002	journal	May 2006
Effects of burial diagenesis on stresses, compaction and fluid flow in sedimentary basins Bjørlykke, Knut; Høeg, Kaare Marine and Petroleum Geology, Vol. 14, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8172(96)00051-7	journal	May 1997
Effects of time-dependent deformation of shale on the integrity of a geological nuclear waste repository Sasaki, Tsubasa; Rutqvist, Jonny International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol. 158 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2022.105206	journal	October 2022
Rock Compressibility, Compaction, and Subsidence in a High-Porosity Chalk Reservoir: A Case Study of Valhall Field Ruddy, I.; Andersen, Mark A.; Pattillo, P. D. Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 41, Issue 07 https://doi.org/10.2118/18278-PA	journal	July 1989
International Approaches for Nuclear Waste Disposal in Geological Formations: Geological Challenges in Radioactive Waste Isolation—Fifth Worldwide Review Faybishenko, Boris; Birkholzer, Jens; Sassani, David https://doi.org/10.2172/1353043	report	April 2017
The Russian Strategy of using Crystalline Rock as a Repository for Nuclear Waste Laverov, Nikolai P.; Yudintsev, Sergey V.; Kochkin, Boris T. Elements, Vol. 12, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.12.4.253	journal	July 2016
Influences of chemical degradation on mechanical behaviour of a limestone Xie, S. Y.; Shao, J. F.; Xu, W. Y. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol. 48, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2011.04.015	journal	July 2011
Mechanical Compaction of Porous Sandstone Wong, T. F.; Baud, P. Oil & Gas Science and Technology, Vol. 54, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.2516/ogst:1999061	journal	November 1999
Volumetric and shear strain localization throughout triaxial compression experiments on rocks McBeck, Jessica; Ben-Zion, Yehuda; Renard, Francois Tectonophysics, Vol. 822 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2021.229181	journal	January 2022
Time-dependent brittle creep in Darley Dale sandstone Heap, M. J.; Baud, P.; Meredith, P. G. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 114, Issue B7 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006212	journal	January 2009
Laboratory observations of time‐dependent frictional strengthening and stress relaxation in natural and synthetic fault gouges Carpenter, B. M.; Ikari, M. J.; Marone, C. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol. 121, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012136	journal	February 2016
Pore fluid in experimental calcite-bearing faults: Abrupt weakening and geochemical signature of co-seismic processes Violay, M.; Nielsen, S.; Spagnuolo, E. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 361 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.11.021	journal	January 2013

Similar Records

ACOUSTICAL IMAGING AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOFT ROCK AND MARINE SEDIMENTS

Technical Report · Tue Apr 30 00:00:00 EDT 2002 · OSTI ID:1993643

Younane Abousleiman, Ph D

Mechanical behavior of New Mexico rock salt in triaxial compression up to 200 /sup 0/C

Journal Article · Sun Feb 10 00:00:00 EST 1980 · J. Geophys. Res.; (United States) · OSTI ID:1993643

Wawersik, W R; Hannum, D W

Mechanical Response of Castlegate Sandstone under Hydrostatic Cyclic Loading

Journal Article · Fri Apr 23 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · Geofluids · OSTI ID:1993643

Kibikas, William M.; Bauer, Stephen J.; vaselli, ed., orlando

Related Subjects

58 GEOSCIENCES
chalk
nuclear waste disposal
hydromechanical properties
time-dependent behavior
water-weakening

Title: Water-Weakening and Time-Dependent Deformation of Organic-Rich Chalks

Citation Formats

References (55)

Similar Records

Related Subjects