The Challenges Ahead for Multimessenger Analyses of Gravitational Waves and Kilonova: A Case Study on GW190425

Raaijmakers, Geert; Nissanke, Samaya; Foucart, Francois; Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Bulla, Mattia; Fernández, Rodrigo; Henkel, Amelia; Hinderer, Tanja; Hotokezaka, Kenta; Lukošiūtė, Kamilė; Venumadhav, Tejaswi; Antier, Sarah; Coughlin, Michael W.; Dietrich, Tim; Edwards, Thomas D. P.

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac222d

The Challenges Ahead for Multimessenger Analyses of Gravitational Waves and Kilonova: A Case Study on GW190425

Journal Article · Sun Dec 05 23:00:00 EST 2021 · The Astrophysical Journal

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac222d· OSTI ID:1981230

^[1]; ^[2]; Foucart, Francois ^[3]; ^[4]; ^[5]; ^[6]; Henkel, Amelia ^[3]; Hinderer, Tanja ^[7]; Hotokezaka, Kenta ^[8]; Lukošiūtė, Kamilė ^[9]; ^[10]; Antier, Sarah ^[11]; ^[12]; ^[13]; Edwards, Thomas D. P. ^[14]

Univ. of Amsterdam (Netherlands); Univ. of Amsterdam (Netherlands)
Univ. of Amsterdam (Netherlands); Nikhef Theory Group, Amsterdam (Netherlands)
Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (United States)
California Institute of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
Stockholm Univ. (Sweden)
Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB (Canada)
Univ. of Amsterdam (Netherlands); Utrecht University (Netherlands)
Univ. of Tokyo (Japan)
Univ. of Amsterdam (Netherlands)
Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, CA (United States); Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ (United States); Tata Inst. of Fundamental Research, Bangalore (India)
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris (France); Univ. of Paris (France)
Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (United States)
Univ. of Potsdam (Germany); Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Potsdam (Germany)
Univ. of Amsterdam (Netherlands); Stockholm Univ. (Sweden)

In recent years, there have been significant advances in multimessenger astronomy due to the discovery of the first, and so far only confirmed, gravitational wave event with a simultaneous electromagnetic (EM) counterpart, as well as improvements in numerical simulations, gravitational wave (GW) detectors, and transient astronomy. This has led to the exciting possibility of performing joint analyses of the GW and EM data, providing additional constraints on fundamental properties of the binary progenitor and merger remnant. Here, in this work, we present a new Bayesian framework that allows inference of these properties, while taking into account the systematic modeling uncertainties that arise when mapping from GW binary progenitor properties to photometric light curves. We extend the relative binning method presented in Zackay et al. to include extrinsic GW parameters for fast analysis of the GW signal. The focus of our EM framework is on light curves arising from r-process nucleosynthesis in the ejected material during and after merger, the so-called kilonova, and particularly on black hole–neutron star systems. As a case study, we examine the recent detection of GW190425, where the primary object is consistent with being either a black hole or a neutron star. We show quantitatively how improved mapping between binary progenitor and outflow properties, and/or an increase in EM data quantity and quality are required in order to break degeneracies in the fundamental source parameters.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Science Foundation (NSF)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0020435

OSTI ID:: 1981230

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal, Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 922; ISSN 0004-637X

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Binary Neutron Star Mergers: Mass Ejection, Electromagnetic Counterparts, and Nucleosynthesis Radice, David; Perego, Albino; Hotokezaka, Kenta The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 869, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaf054	journal	December 2018
LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products Ivezić, Željko; Kahn, Steven M.; Tyson, J. Anthony The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 873, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab042c	journal	March 2019
Radioactive Heating and Late Time Kilonova Light Curves Kasen, Daniel; Barnes, Jennifer The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 876, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab06c2	journal	May 2019
Late-time Kilonova Light Curves and Implications to GW170817 Waxman, Eli; Ofek, Eran O.; Kushnir, Doron The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 878, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab1f71	journal	June 2019
Impact of High Spins on the Ejection of Mass in GW170817 Most, E. R.; Papenfort, L. J.; Tsokaros, A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 884, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab3ebb	journal	October 2019
Constraining the Observer Angle of the Kilonova AT2017gfo Associated with GW170817: Implications for the Hubble Constant Dhawan, S.; Bulla, M.; Goobar, A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 888, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab5799	journal	January 2020
Diversity of Kilonova Light Curves Kawaguchi, Kyohei; Shibata, Masaru; Tanaka, Masaomi The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 889, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab61f6	journal	February 2020
GROWTH on S190814bv: Deep Synoptic Limits on the Optical/Near-infrared Counterpart to a Neutron Star–Black Hole Merger Andreoni, Igor; Goldstein, Daniel A.; Kasliwal, Mansi M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 890, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab6a1b	journal	February 2020
Radioactive Heating Rate of r -process Elements and Macronova Light Curve Hotokezaka, Kenta; Nakar, Ehud The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 891, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab6a98	journal	March 2020
Kilonova Emission from Black Hole–Neutron Star Mergers. I. Viewing-angle-dependent Lightcurves Zhu, Jin-Ping; Yang, Yuan-Pei; Liu, Liang-Duan The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 897, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab93bf	journal	June 2020
Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows in the Multimessenger Era: Numerical Models and Closure Relations Ryan, Geoffrey; Eerten, Hendrik van; Piro, Luigi The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 896, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab93cf	journal	June 2020
Inclination Dependence of Kilonova Light Curves from Globally Aspherical Geometries Darbha, Siva; Kasen, Daniel The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 897, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab9a34	journal	July 2020
Postmerger Mass Ejection of Low-mass Binary Neutron Stars Fujibayashi, Sho; Wanajo, Shinya; Kiuchi, Kenta The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 901, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abafc2	journal	September 2020
Numerical Relativity Simulations of the Neutron Star Merger GW170817: Long-term Remnant Evolutions, Winds, Remnant Disks, and Nucleosynthesis Nedora, Vsevolod; Bernuzzi, Sebastiano; Radice, David The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 906, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc9be	journal	January 2021
A Gravitational-wave Measurement of the Hubble Constant Following the Second Observing Run of Advanced LIGO and Virgo Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 909, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abdcb7	journal	March 2021
Axisymmetric Radiative Transfer Models of Kilonovae Korobkin, Oleg; Wollaeger, Ryan T.; Fryer, Christopher L. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 910, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abe1b5	journal	April 2021
Fast Ejecta as a Potential Way to Distinguish Black Holes from Neutron Stars in High-mass Gravitational-wave Events Most, Elias R.; Papenfort, L. Jens; Tootle, Samuel D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 912, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abf0a5	journal	May 2021
Kilonovae Across the Nuclear Physics Landscape: The Impact of Nuclear Physics Uncertainties on r-process-powered Emission Barnes, Jennifer; Zhu, Y. L.; Lund, K. A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 918, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0aec	journal	September 2021
Igniting Weak Interactions in Neutron Star Postmerger Accretion Disks De, Soumi; Siegel, Daniel M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 921, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac110b	journal	November 2021
MOSFiT: Modular Open Source Fitter for Transients Guillochon, James; Nicholl, Matt; Villar, V. Ashley The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 236, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aab761	journal	May 2018
An Ordinary Short Gamma-Ray Burst with Extraordinary Implications: Fermi -GBM Detection of GRB 170817A Goldstein, A.; Veres, P.; Burns, E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa8f41	journal	October 2017
Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa91c9	journal	October 2017
Gravitational Waves and Gamma-Rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa920c	journal	October 2017
AT 2017gfo: An Anisotropic and Three-component Kilonova Counterpart of GW170817 Perego, Albino; Radice, David; Bernuzzi, Sebastiano The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 850, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa9ab9	journal	November 2017
GW170817: Joint Constraint on the Neutron Star Equation of State from Multimessenger Observations Radice, David; Perego, Albino; Zappa, Francesco The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 852, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aaa402	journal	January 2018
Viscous-dynamical Ejecta from Binary Neutron Star Mergers Radice, David; Perego, Albino; Hotokezaka, Kenta The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 869, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aaf053	journal	December 2018
Hypermassive Neutron Star Disk Outflows and Blue Kilonovae Fahlman, Steven; Fernández, Rodrigo The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 869, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aaf1ab	journal	December 2018
GROWTH on S190426c: Real-time Search for a Counterpart to the Probable Neutron Star–Black Hole Merger using an Automated Difference Imaging Pipeline for DECam Goldstein, Daniel A.; Andreoni, Igor; Nugent, Peter E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab3046	journal	August 2019
GROWTH on S190425z: Searching Thousands of Square Degrees to Identify an Optical or Infrared Counterpart to a Binary Neutron Star Merger with the Zwicky Transient Facility and Palomar Gattini-IR Coughlin, Michael W.; Ahumada, Tomás; Anand, Shreya The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 885, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab4ad8	journal	October 2019
On the Possibility of GW190425 Being a Black Hole–Neutron Star Binary Merger Kyutoku, Koutarou; Fujibayashi, Sho; Hayashi, Kota The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 890, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab6e70	journal	February 2020
GW190425: Observation of a Compact Binary Coalescence with Total Mass ∼ 3.4 M _⊙ Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 892, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab75f5	journal	March 2020
Constraining the Dense Matter Equation of State with Joint Analysis of NICER and LIGO/Virgo Measurements Raaijmakers, G.; Greif, S. K.; Riley, T. E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 893, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab822f	journal	April 2020
GW190814: Gravitational Waves from the Coalescence of a 23 Solar Mass Black Hole with a 2.6 Solar Mass Compact Object Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.; Abraham, S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 896, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab960f	journal	June 2020
A Magnetar Engine for Short GRBs and Kilonovae Mösta, Philipp; Radice, David; Haas, Roland The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 901, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abb6ef	journal	October 2020
Fast Parameter Estimation of Binary Mergers for Multimessenger Follow-up Finstad, Daniel; Brown, Duncan A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 905, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abca9e	journal	December 2020
On the Nature of GW190814 and Its Impact on the Understanding of Supranuclear Matter Tews, Ingo; Pang, Peter T. H.; Dietrich, Tim The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 908, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abdaae	journal	February 2021

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