Index tests for geosynthetic clay liners containing bentonite–polymer composites

Geng, Weijuan; Salihoglu, Hulya; Likos, William J.; Benson, Craig H.

doi:10.1680/jenge.22.00072

Index tests for geosynthetic clay liners containing bentonite–polymer composites

Journal Article · 30 September 2022 · Environmental Geotechnics

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1680/jenge.22.00072· OSTI ID:1981019

Geng, Weijuan ^[1]; Salihoglu, Hulya ^[2]; Likos, William J. ^[3]; Benson, Craig H. ^[4]

Department of Civil Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; OSTI
Golder Associates, Lakewood, CO, USA
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
Geological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA

The hydraulic conductivity of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) containing bentonite–polymer composites (BPCs) is controlled by a pore clogging mechanism related to the swelling of sodium bentonite (NaB) granules and formation of polymer gel in the pore space. Three index testing procedures that are influenced by bentonite swelling and rheology of the polymer gel were evaluated in this study for screening BPC GCLs for hydraulic conductivity: viscosity, liquid limit by fall-cone penetration and active water content. Experiments were conducted using polyacrylamide (PAM) polymer, dry-blended mixtures of PAM and NaB and a BPC from a commercially available GCL. These materials were contacted with inorganic solutions representing leachates from a range of waste containment scenarios. For the BPC that was evaluated, hydraulic conductivities less than 10^-10 m/s were obtained when the viscosity exceeded 220 mPa s and the active water content exceeded 300%. Hydraulic conductivities less than 10^-11 m/s were achieved for viscosity exceeding 350 mPa s, fall-cone liquid limit exceeding 190 and active water content exceeding 300%. Additional testing is needed to assess the generality of these index tests and the identified thresholds when applied to other BPC GCLs and other permeant liquids.

Research Organization:: Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

DOE Contract Number:: FC01-06EW07053

OSTI ID:: 1981019

Journal Information:: Environmental Geotechnics, Journal Name: Environmental Geotechnics; ISSN 2051-803X

Publisher:: Institution of Civil Engineers

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (44)

Hydraulic Conductivity of Geosynthetic Clay Liners to Synthetic Coal Combustion Product Leachates Chen, Jiannan N.; Bradshaw, Sabrina L.; Likos, William J. Geo-Congress 2014 Technical Papers https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784413272.033	conference	February 2014
Geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) - chemical compatibility by hydraulic conductivity testing and factors impacting its performance Petrov, Robert J.; Rowe, R. Kerry Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 34, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1139/t97-055	journal	December 1997
Overview of performance compatibility issues of GCLs with respect to leachates of extreme chemistry Bouazza, A.; Gates, W. P. Geosynthetics International, Vol. 21, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.14.00006	journal	April 2014
Hydraulic conductivity of a dense prehydrated GCL permeated with aggressive inorganic solutions Kolstad, D. C.; Benson, C. H.; Edil, T. B. Geosynthetics International, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.2004.11.3.233	journal	June 2004
Preparation and characterization of pH-sensitive, interpenetrating networks of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(acrylic acid) Gudeman, Linda F.; Peppas, Nikolaos A. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 55, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070550610	journal	February 1995
Effect of salt solutions on chain structure of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide Zhang, Qing; Zhou, Ji-sheng; Zhai, Yong-ai Journal of Central South University of Technology, Vol. 15, Issue S1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-008-0319-x	journal	September 2008
Rate-limited cation exchange in thin bentonitic barrier layers Jo, Ho Young; Benson, Craig H.; Edil, Tuncer B. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 43, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1139/t06-014	journal	April 2006
Evaluating the hydraulic conductivity of GCLs permeated with non-standard liquids Shackelford, Charles D.; Benson, Craig H.; Katsumi, Takeshi Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Vol. 18, Issue 2-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-1144(99)00024-2	journal	April 2000
Poly(ethylene oxide)-sodium dodecyl sulfate interactions studied using static and dynamic light scattering Brown, Wyn; Fundin, Johan; Miguel, Maria da Graca Macromolecules, Vol. 25, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00052a019	journal	December 1992
Hydraulic Conductivity of Geosynthetic Clay Liners to Low-Level Radioactive Waste Leachate Tian, Kuo; Benson, Craig H.; Likos, William J. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 142, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001495	journal	August 2016
Complex Formation of Cation-Exchanged Montmorillonites with Propylene Carbonate: Osmotic Swelling in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions Onikata, Masanobu Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 47, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1999.0470514	journal	January 1999
Hydraulic Performance of Geosynthetic Clay Liners in a Landfill Final Cover Benson, Craig H.; Thorstad, Patricia A.; Jo, Ho-Young Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 133, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:7(814)	journal	July 2007
Long-term barrier performance of modified bentonite materials against sodium and calcium permeant solutions Katsumi, Takeshi; Ishimori, Hiroyuki; Onikata, Masanobu Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Vol. 26, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2007.04.003	journal	February 2008
Geosynthetic Clay Liners Permeated with Chemical Solutions and Leachates Ruhl, Janice L.; Daniel, David E. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 123, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:4(369)	journal	April 1997
Effect of an Anion Ratio on the Hydraulic Conductivity of a Bentonite-Polymer Geosynthetic Clay Liner Tian, Kuo; Benson, Craig H.; Likos, William J. Geotechnical Frontiers 2017 https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480434.018	conference	March 2017
Impact of Bentonite Quality on Hydraulic Conductivity of Geosynthetic Clay Liners Lee, Jae-Myung; Shackelford, Charles D. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 131, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:1(64)	journal	January 2005
Factors influencing the synthesis of tunable clay–polymer nanocomposites using bentonite and polyacrylamide Kim, Sungho; Palomino, Angelica M. Applied Clay Science, Vol. 51, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2011.01.017	journal	March 2011
Long-Term Hydraulic Conductivity of a Bentonite-Polymer Composite Permeated with Aggressive Inorganic Solutions Scalia, Joseph; Benson, Craig H.; Bohnhoff, Gretchen L. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 140, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001040	journal	March 2014
Long-Term Hydraulic Conductivity of a Geosynthetic Clay Liner Permeated with Inorganic Salt Solutions Jo, Ho Young; Benson, Craig H.; Shackelford, Charles D. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 131, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:4(405)	journal	April 2005
Pore-Scale Imaging of Polymer-Modified Bentonite in Saline Solutions Tian, Kuo; Likos, William J.; Benson, Craig H. Geo-Chicago 2016 https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480144.046	conference	August 2016
Hydraulic Conductivity of Geosynthetic Clay Liners with Sodium Bentonite to Coal Combustion Product Leachates Chen, Jiannan N.; Benson, Craig H.; Edil, Tuncer B. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 144, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001844	journal	March 2018
Hydraulic performance of untreated and polymer-treated bentonite in inorganic landfill leachates Ashmawy, Alaa K.; El-Hajji, Darwish; Sotelo, Nestor Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 50, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1346/000986002320679288	journal	October 2002
The impact of mining solutions/liquors on geosynthetics Hornsey, W. P.; Scheirs, J.; Gates, W. P. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Vol. 28, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2009.10.008	journal	April 2010
Hydraulic Conductivity of Geosynthetic Clay Liners Exhumed from Landfill Final Covers with Composite Barriers Scalia, Joseph; Benson, Craig H. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 137, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000407	journal	January 2011
Fluid loss as a quick method to evaluate hydraulic conductivity of geosynthetic clay liners under acidic conditions Liu, Yang; Gates, Will P.; Bouazza, Abdelmalek Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 51, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0241	journal	February 2014
Bonding between polyacrylamide and smectite Deng, Youjun; Dixon, Joe B.; White, G. Norman Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol. 281, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.02.030	journal	June 2006
Hydraulic Conductivity of Geosynthetic Clay Liners to Recirculated Municipal Solid Waste Leachates Bradshaw, Sabrina L.; Benson, Craig H.; Rauen, Tammy L. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 142, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001387	journal	February 2016
Hydraulic Conductivity of Bentonite–Polymer Composite Geosynthetic Clay Liners Permeated with Coal Combustion Product Leachates Chen, Jiannan; Salihoglu, Hulya; Benson, Craig H. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 145, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002105	journal	September 2019
Quantifying Polymer Loading in Bentonite-Polymer Composites Using Loss on Ignition and Total Carbon Analyses Gustitus, Sarah A.; Nguyen, Dorian; Chen, Jiannan Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 44, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20200007	journal	November 2020
Hydraulic Conductivity of Geosynthetic Clay Liners Exhumed from Landfill Final Covers Meer, Stephen R.; Benson, Craig H. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 133, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:5(550)	journal	May 2007
Synthesis and characterization of pH- and/or temperature-sensitive hydrogels Park, Tae Gwan; Hoffman, Allan S. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 46, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070460413	journal	October 1992
Hydraulic Conductivity and Swelling of Nonprehydrated GCLs Permeated with Single-Species Salt Solutions Jo, Ho Young; Katsumi, Takeshi; Benson, Craig H. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 127, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:7(557)	journal	July 2001
A Study of the Hydration of the Alkali Metal Ions in Aqueous Solution Mähler, Johan; Persson, Ingmar Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 51, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/ic2018693	journal	December 2011
Calcium Induced Shrinking of NaPA Chains: A SANS Investigation of Single Chain Behavior Schweins, Ralf; Lindner, Peter; Huber, Klaus Macromolecules, Vol. 36, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0347722	journal	November 2003
Viscometric properties of dilute solutions of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide Klenina, O. V.; Lebedeva, L. G. Polymer Science U.S.S.R., Vol. 25, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3950(83)90171-5	journal	January 1983
Rheological Properties of Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide Solutions Ait‐Kadi, A.; Carreau, P. J.; Chauveteau, G. Journal of Rheology, Vol. 31, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1122/1.549959	journal	October 1987
Hydraulic Performance of Geosynthetic Clay Liners Comprising Anionic Polymer–Enhanced Bentonites Norris, Anna; Aghazamani, Neelufar; Scalia, Joseph Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 148, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002781	journal	June 2022
Hydraulic Conductivity and Swell of Nonprehydrated Geosynthetic Clay Liners Permeated with Multispecies Inorganic Solutions Kolstad, Dale C.; Benson, Craig H.; Edil, Tuncer B. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 130, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:12(1236)	journal	December 2004
Bentonite transformations in strongly alkaline solutions Gates, W. P.; Bouazza, A. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Vol. 28, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2009.10.010	journal	April 2010
Evaluation of Na-Bentonite-Polyacrylte Mixtures to Enhance the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetic Clay Liners Scalia, Joseph; Benson, Craig H. Geo-Chicago 2016 https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480144.038	conference	August 2016
Viscosity of Polymer-Modified Bentonite as a Hydraulic Performance Index Geng, Weijuan; Likos, William J.; Benson, Craig H. Geo-Chicago 2016 https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480144.049	conference	August 2016
Enhanced bentonites for containment of inorganic waste leachates by GCLs Scalia, J.; Bohnhoff, G. L.; Shackelford, C. D. Geosynthetics International, Vol. 25, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1680/jgein.18.00024	journal	August 2018
Polymer Elution and Hydraulic Conductivity of Bentonite–Polymer Composite Geosynthetic Clay Liners Tian, Kuo; Likos, William J.; Benson, Craig H. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 145, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002097	journal	October 2019
Properties of geosynthetics exhumed from a final cover at a solid waste landfill Benson, Craig H.; Kucukkirca, I. Emre; Scalia, Joseph Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Vol. 28, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2010.03.001	journal	December 2010

Similar Records

Hydraulic Conductivity of Geosynthetic Clay Liners to Low-Level Radioactive Waste Leachate

Journal Article · 2016 · Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering · OSTI ID:1438179

Geosynthetic clay liners permeated with chemical solutions and leachates

Journal Article · 1997 · Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering · OSTI ID:505990

Morphological controls on flow conductivity and viscosity of bentonite–polymer composites

Journal Article · 2024 · Environmental Geotechnics · OSTI ID:2423529

Related Subjects

Engineering

Index tests for geosynthetic clay liners containing bentonite–polymer composites

Citation Formats

References (44)

Similar Records

Related Subjects