Photonic circuits for laser stabilization with integrated ultra-high Q and Brillouin laser resonators

Liu, Kaikai; Dallyn, John H.; Brodnik, Grant M.; Isichenko, Andrei; Harrington, Mark W.; Chauhan, Nitesh; Bose, Debapam; Morton, Paul A.; Papp, Scott B.; Behunin, Ryan O.; Blumenthal, Daniel J.

doi:10.1063/5.0091686

Photonic circuits for laser stabilization with integrated ultra-high Q and Brillouin laser resonators

Journal Article · Wed Sep 21 00:00:00 EDT 2022 · APL Photonics

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0091686· OSTI ID:1979085

Liu, Kaikai ^[1]; Dallyn, John H. ^[2]; Brodnik, Grant M. ^[3]; Isichenko, Andrei ^[3]; Harrington, Mark W. ^[3]; Chauhan, Nitesh ^[3]; Bose, Debapam ^[3]; Morton, Paul A. ^[4]; Papp, Scott B. ^[5]; Behunin, Ryan O. ^[2]; ^[3]

University of California, Santa Barbara, CA (United States); University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ (United States)
University of California, Santa Barbara, CA (United States)
Morton Photonics, West Friendship, MD (United States)
University of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States); National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO (United States)

The integration of stabilized lasers, sources that generate spectrally pure light, will provide compact, low-cost solutions for applications including quantum information sciences, precision navigation and timing, metrology, and high-capacity fiber communications. We report a significant advancement in this field, demonstrating stabilization of an integrated waveguide Brillouin laser to an integrated waveguide reference cavity, where both resonators are fabricated using the same CMOS-compatible integration platform. We demonstrate reduction of the free running Brillouin laser linewidth to a 292 Hz integral linewidth and carrier stabilization to a 4.9 × 10^–13 fractional frequency at 8 ms reaching the cavity-intrinsic thermorefractive noise limit for frequencies down to 80 Hz. We achieve this level of performance using a pair of 56.4 x 10⁶ quality factor Si₃N₄ waveguide ring-resonators that reduce the high-frequency noise by the nonlinear Brillouin process and the low-frequency noise by Pound–Drever–Hall locking to the ultra-low loss resonator. These results represent an important step toward integrated stabilized lasers with reduced sensitivity to environmental disturbances for atomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO), quantum information processing and sensing, and other precision scientific, sensing, and communications applications.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: University of California, Santa Barbara, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (ARPA-E); Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA); National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG)

Grant/Contract Number:: AR0001042

OSTI ID:: 1979085

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1888611

Journal Information:: APL Photonics, Journal Name: APL Photonics Journal Issue: 9 Vol. 7; ISSN 2378-0967

Publisher:: American Institute of Physics (AIP)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (70)

Ultranarrow Linewidth Photonic‐Atomic Laser Zhang, Wei; Stern, Liron; Carlson, David Laser & Photonics Reviews, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201900293	journal	March 2020
Introduction to Ultracold Molecules: New Frontiers in Quantum and Chemical Physics Jin, Deborah S.; Ye, Jun Chemical Reviews, Vol. 112, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr300342x	journal	September 2012
Microresonator-based solitons for massively parallel coherent optical communications Marin-Palomo, Pablo; Kemal, Juned N.; Karpov, Maxim Nature, Vol. 546, Issue 7657 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22387	journal	June 2017
Microwave synthesizer using an on-chip Brillouin oscillator Li, Jiang; Lee, Hansuek; Vahala, Kerry J. Nature Communications, Vol. 4, Article No. 2097 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3097	journal	June 2013
Spiral resonators for on-chip laser frequency stabilization Lee, Hansuek; Suh, Myoung-Gyun; Chen, Tong Nature Communications, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3468	journal	September 2013
Making optical atomic clocks more stable with 10−16-level laser stabilization Jiang, Y. Y.; Ludlow, A. D.; Lemke, N. D. Nature Photonics, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2010.313	journal	January 2011
A sub-40-mHz-linewidth laser based on a silicon single-crystal optical cavity Kessler, T.; Hagemann, C.; Grebing, C. Nature Photonics, Vol. 6, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2012.217	journal	September 2012
Integrated Pound−Drever−Hall laser stabilization system in silicon Idjadi, Mohamad Hossein; Aflatouni, Firooz Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01303-y	journal	October 2017
Ultra-dense optical data transmission over standard fibre with a single chip source Corcoran, Bill; Tan, Mengxi; Xu, Xingyuan Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16265-x	journal	May 2020
422 Million intrinsic quality factor planar integrated all-waveguide resonator with sub-MHz linewidth Puckett, Matthew W.; Liu, Kaikai; Chauhan, Nitesh Nature Communications, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21205-4	journal	February 2021
High-performance lasers for fully integrated silicon nitride photonics Xiang, Chao; Guo, Joel; Jin, Warren Nature Communications, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26804-9	journal	November 2021
Integrated microwave photonics Marpaung, David; Yao, Jianping; Capmany, José Nature Photonics, Vol. 13, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-018-0310-5	journal	January 2019
Sub-hertz fundamental linewidth photonic integrated Brillouin laser Gundavarapu, Sarat; Brodnik, Grant M.; Puckett, Matthew Nature Photonics, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-018-0313-2	journal	December 2018
Earth rotation measured by a chip-scale ring laser gyroscope Lai, Yu-Hung; Suh, Myoung-Gyun; Lu, Yu-Kun Nature Photonics, Vol. 14, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-020-0588-y	journal	February 2020
Photonic microwave generation in the X- and K-band using integrated soliton microcombs Liu, Junqiu; Lucas, Erwan; Raja, Arslan S. Nature Photonics, Vol. 14, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-020-0617-x	journal	April 2020
Hertz-linewidth semiconductor lasers using CMOS-ready ultra-high-Q microresonators Jin, Warren; Yang, Qi-Fan; Chang, Lin Nature Photonics, Vol. 15, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-021-00761-7	journal	February 2021
Integrated optical frequency comb technologies Chang, Lin; Liu, Songtao; Bowers, John E. Nature Photonics, Vol. 16, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-021-00945-1	journal	February 2022
On-chip electro-optic frequency shifters and beam splitters Hu, Yaowen; Yu, Mengjie; Zhu, Di Nature, Vol. 599, Issue 7886 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03999-x	journal	November 2021
Power spectrum of frequency noise of semiconductor lasers with optical feedback from a high‐finesse resonator Li, H.; Abraham, N. B. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 53, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.100271	journal	December 1988
Micro-ring resonator quality factor enhancement via an integrated Fabry-Perot cavity Wu, Jiayang; Moein, Tania; Xu, Xingyuan APL Photonics, Vol. 2, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4981392	journal	May 2017
The optical fibre Sagnac interferometer: an overview of its principles and applications Culshaw, B. Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 17, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/17/1/r01	journal	November 2005
Recent advances on integrated quantum communications Orieux, Adeline; Diamanti, Eleni Journal of Optics, Vol. 18, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/18/8/083002	journal	July 2016
Thermal and driven noise in Brillouin lasers Dallyn, John H.; Liu, Kaikai; Harrington, Mark W. Physical Review A, Vol. 105, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.105.043506	journal	April 2022
Linewidth narrowing in Brillouin lasers: Theoretical analysis Debut, Alexis; Randoux, Stéphane; Zemmouri, Jaouad Physical Review A, Vol. 62, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.62.023803	journal	July 2000
Contribution of thermal noise to frequency stability of rigid optical cavity via Hertz-linewidth lasers Notcutt, Mark; Ma, Long-Sheng; Ludlow, Andrew D. Physical Review A, Vol. 73, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.73.031804	journal	March 2006
Thermal-noise-limited crystalline whispering-gallery-mode resonator for laser stabilization Alnis, J.; Schliesser, A.; Wang, C. Y. Physical Review A, Vol. 84, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.84.011804	journal	July 2011
Fundamental noise dynamics in cascaded-order Brillouin lasers Behunin, Ryan O.; Otterstrom, Nils T.; Rakich, Peter T. Physical Review A, Vol. 98, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.98.023832	journal	August 2018
Thermorefractive noise in silicon-nitride microresonators Huang, Guanhao; Lucas, Erwan; Liu, Junqiu Physical Review A, Vol. 99, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.99.061801	journal	June 2019
Optimization of Laser Stabilization via Self-Injection Locking to a Whispering-Gallery-Mode Microresonator Galiev, Ramzil R.; Kondratiev, Nikita M.; Lobanov, Valery E. Physical Review Applied, Vol. 14, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.14.014036	journal	July 2020
1.5 μ m Lasers with Sub-10 mHz Linewidth Matei, D. G.; Legero, T.; Häfner, S. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 118, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.118.263202	journal	June 2017
Cluster State Generation with Spin-Orbit Coupled Fermionic Atoms in Optical Lattices Mamaev, M.; Blatt, R.; Ye, J. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 122, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.122.160402	journal	April 2019
Thermal-Noise Limit in the Frequency Stabilization of Lasers with Rigid Cavities Numata, Kenji; Kemery, Amy; Camp, Jordan Physical Review Letters, Vol. 93, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.93.250602	journal	December 2004
Sub-Doppler Cooling and Compressed Trapping of YO Molecules at μ K Temperatures Ding, Shiqian; Wu, Yewei; Finneran, Ian A. Physical Review X, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.10.021049	journal	June 2020
Optical atomic clocks Ludlow, Andrew D.; Boyd, Martin M.; Ye, Jun Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 87, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.87.637	journal	June 2015
Frequency noise analysis of optically self-locked diode lasers Laurent, P.; Clairon, A.; Breant, C. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 25, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/3.29238	journal	June 1989
Semiconductor laser stabilization by external optical feedback Hjelme, D. R.; Mickelson, A. R.; Beausoleil, R. G. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 27, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/3.81333	journal	March 1991
New Self-Injection Oscillator Using Directional Filter Ohta, Tomozo; Makino, Shoji; Nakano, Hiroshi 3rd European Microwave Conference, 1973 https://doi.org/10.1109/EUMA.1973.331635	conference	October 1973
Fundamentals of Coherent Optical Fiber Communications Kikuchi, Kazuro Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 34, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2015.2463719	journal	January 2016
Interferometric Optical Gyroscope Based on an Integrated Si3N4 Low-Loss Waveguide Coil Gundavarapu, Sarat; Belt, Michael; Huffman, Taran A. Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 36, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2017.2765918	journal	February 2018
High-Power, Ultra-Low Noise Hybrid Lasers for Microwave Photonics and Optical Sensing Morton, Paul A.; Morton, Michael J. Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 36, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2018.2817175	journal	November 2018
Frequency-Stabilized Links for Coherent WDM Fiber Interconnects in the Datacenter Blumenthal, Daniel J.; Ballani, Hitesh; Behunin, Ryan O. Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 38, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2020.2985275	journal	July 2020
Silicon Nitride in Silicon Photonics Blumenthal, Daniel J.; Heideman, Rene; Geuzebroek, Douwe Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 106, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2018.2861576	journal	December 2018
An introduction to Pound–Drever–Hall laser frequency stabilization Black, Eric D. American Journal of Physics, Vol. 69, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1286663	journal	January 2001
Cold molecules: Progress in quantum engineering of chemistry and quantum matter Bohn, John L.; Rey, Ana Maria; Ye, Jun Science, Vol. 357, Issue 6355 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam6299	journal	September 2017
Dissipative Kerr solitons in optical microresonators Kippenberg, Tobias J.; Gaeta, Alexander L.; Lipson, Michal Science, Vol. 361, Issue 6402 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan8083	journal	August 2018
Photonic Integrated Si3N4 Ultra-Large-Area Grating Waveguide MOT Interface for 3D Atomic Clock Laser Cooling Chauhan, Nitesh; Bose, Debapam; Puckett, Matthew Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics https://doi.org/10.1364/cleo_si.2019.stu4o.3	conference	January 2019
Fundamental thermal fluctuations in microspheres Gorodetsky, Michael L.; Grudinin, Ivan S. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, Vol. 21, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1364/josab.21.000697	journal	January 2004
Whispering-gallery-mode resonators as frequency references I Fundamental limitations Matsko, Andrey B.; Savchenkov, Anatoliy A.; Yu, Nan Journal of the Optical Society of America B, Vol. 24, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1364/josab.24.001324	journal	January 2007
Whispering-gallery-mode resonators as frequency references II Stabilization Savchenkov, Anatoliy A.; Matsko, Andrey B.; Ilchenko, Vladimir S. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, Vol. 24, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1364/josab.24.002988	journal	January 2007
Ultra-low-loss high-aspect-ratio Si_3N_4 waveguides Bauters, Jared F.; Heck, Martijn J. R.; John, Demis Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.19.003163	journal	January 2011
Characterization of a high coherence, Brillouin microcavity laser on silicon Li, Jiang; Lee, Hansuek; Chen, Tong Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.20.020170	journal	January 2012
Stabilization of heterogeneous silicon lasers using Pound-Drever-Hall locking to Si_3N_4 ring resonators Spencer, Daryl T.; Davenport, Michael L.; Komljenovic, Tin Optics Express, Vol. 24, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.24.013511	journal	June 2016
Compact tunable electromagnetically induced transparency and Fano resonance on silicon platform Zheng, Shuang; Ruan, Zhengsen; Gao, Shengqian Optics Express, Vol. 25, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.25.025655	journal	October 2017
Self-injection locking of a laser diode to a high-Q WGM microresonator Kondratiev, N. M.; Lobanov, V. E.; Cherenkov, A. V. Optics Express, Vol. 25, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.25.028167	journal	October 2017
Hybrid integrated InP-Si ₃ N ₄ diode laser with a 40-Hz intrinsic linewidth Fan, Youwen; van Rees, Albert; van der Slot, Peter J. M. Optics Express, Vol. 28, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.398906	journal	January 2020
Chip-Scale, Optical-Frequency-Stabilized PLL for DSP-Free, Low-Power Coherent QAM in the DCI Brodnik, Grant M.; Harrington, Mark W.; Bose, Debapam Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC) 2020 https://doi.org/10.1364/ofc.2020.m3a.6	conference	January 2020
Ultra-low loss silicon nitride ring modulator with low power PZT actuation for photonic control Wang, Jiawei; Liu, Kaikai; Harrington, Mark W. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC) 2022 https://doi.org/10.1364/ofc.2022.w3d.5	conference	January 2022
Narrow-linewidth self-injection locked diode laser with a high-Q fiber Fabry–Perot resonator Hao, Liyun; Wang, Xiaohan; Guo, Dongjie Optics Letters, Vol. 46, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.415859	journal	March 2021
Self-injection locking efficiency of a UV Fabry–Perot laser diode Savchenkov, Anatoliy A.; Chiow, Sheng-Wey; Ghasemkhani, Mohammadreza Optics Letters, Vol. 44, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.44.004175	journal	August 2019
Ultralow 0.034 dB/m loss wafer-scale integrated photonics realizing 720 million Q and 380 μW threshold Brillouin lasing Liu, Kaikai; Jin, Naijun; Cheng, Haotian Optics Letters, Vol. 47, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.454392	journal	January 2022
High-power, low-noise Brillouin laser on a silicon chip Qin, Yingchun; Ding, Shulin; Zhang, Menghua Optics Letters, Vol. 47, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.455369	journal	March 2022
Integrated waveguide coupled Si_3N_4 resonators in the ultrahigh-Q regime Spencer, Daryl T.; Bauters, Jared F.; Heck, Martijn J. R. Optica, Vol. 1, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.1.000153	journal	January 2014
Dual-microcavity narrow-linewidth Brillouin laser Loh, William; Green, Adam A. S.; Baynes, Fred N. Optica, Vol. 2, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.2.000225	journal	January 2015
Photonic Damascene process for integrated high-Q microresonator based nonlinear photonics Pfeiffer, Martin H. P.; Kordts, Arne; Brasch, Victor Optica, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.3.000020	journal	January 2016
Linewidth enhancement factor in a microcavity Brillouin laser Yuan, Zhiquan; Wang, Heming; Wu, Lue Optica, Vol. 7, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.394311	journal	September 2020
Ultra-smooth silicon nitride waveguides based on the Damascene reflow process: fabrication and loss origins Pfeiffer, Martin H. P.; Liu, Junqiu; Raja, Arslan S. Optica, Vol. 5, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.5.000884	journal	January 2018
Ultra-narrow linewidth Brillouin laser with nanokelvin temperature self-referencing Loh, William; Yegnanarayanan, Siva; O’Donnell, Frederick Optica, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.6.000152	journal	January 2019
Optimization of laser stabilization via self-injection locking to a whispering-gallery-mode microresonator Matsko, Andrey Root https://doi.org/10.48577/jpl.il4nmw	dataset	January 2023
Dual-microcavity narrow-linewidth Brillouin laser Loh, William; Green, Adam A. S.; Baynes, Fred N. Figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3755894	collection	January 2015
Sub-hertz-linewidth diode laser stabilized to an ultralow-drift high-finesse optical cavity Hirata, Shu; Akatsuka, Tomoya; Ohtake, Yurie Applied Physics Express, Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.7567/apex.7.022705	journal	January 2014

Similar Records

Low-loss low thermo-optic coefficient Ta ₂ O ₅ on crystal quartz planar optical waveguides

Journal Article · Wed Nov 04 23:00:00 EST 2020 · APL Photonics · OSTI ID:1848352

Integrated photonic molecule Brillouin laser with a high-power sub-100-mHz fundamental linewidth

Journal Article · Mon Dec 18 23:00:00 EST 2023 · Optics Letters · OSTI ID:2246674

Related Subjects

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS
GENERAL PHYSICS
frequency measurement
laser frequency stabilization
laser physics
light scattering
metrology
noise floor
nonlinear optical devices
photonic integrated circuits
signal processing method
thermo optic effects

Photonic circuits for laser stabilization with integrated ultra-high Q and Brillouin laser resonators

Citation Formats

References (70)

Similar Records

Related Subjects