Monitoring agroecosystem productivity and phenology at a national scale: A metric assessment framework

Browning, Dawn M.; Russell, Eric S.; Ponce-Campos, Guillermo E.; Kaplan, Nicole; Richardson, Andrew D.; Seyednasrollah, Bijan; Spiegal, Sheri; Saliendra, Nicanor; Alfieri, Joseph G.; Baker, John; Bernacchi, Carl; Bestelmeyer, Brandon T.; Bosch, David; Boughton, Elizabeth H.; Boughton, Raoul K.; Clark, Pat; Flerchinger, Gerald; Gomez-Casanovas, Nuria; Goslee, Sarah; Haddad, Nick M.; Hoover, David; Jaradat, Abdullah; Mauritz, Marguerite; McCarty, Gregory W.; Miller, Gretchen R.; Sadler, John; Saha, Amartya; Scott, Russell L.; Suyker, Andrew; Tweedie, Craig; Wood, Jeffrey D.; Zhang, Xukai; Taylor, Shawn D.

doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108147

Title: Monitoring agroecosystem productivity and phenology at a national scale: A metric assessment framework

Journal Article · Fri Aug 27 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · Ecological Indicators

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108147· OSTI ID:1977070

Browning, Dawn M. ^[1]; Russell, Eric S. ^[2]; Ponce-Campos, Guillermo E. ^[3]; Kaplan, Nicole ^[4]; Richardson, Andrew D. ^[5]; Seyednasrollah, Bijan ^[5]; Spiegal, Sheri ^[1]; Saliendra, Nicanor ^[6]; Alfieri, Joseph G. ^[7]; Baker, John ^[8]; Bernacchi, Carl ^[9]; Bestelmeyer, Brandon T. ^[1]; Bosch, David ^[10]; Boughton, Elizabeth H. ^[11]; Boughton, Raoul K. ^[11]; Clark, Pat ^[12]; Flerchinger, Gerald ^[12]; Gomez-Casanovas, Nuria ^[13]; Goslee, Sarah ^[14]; Haddad, Nick M. ^[15] more »

US Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), Las Cruces, NM (United States)
Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA (United States)
Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States)
USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO (United States)
Northern Arizona Univ., Flagstaff, AZ (United States)
US Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), Mandan, ND (United States)
US Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD (United States)
US Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), St. Paul, MN (United States)
US Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), Urbana, IL (United States)
US Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), Tifton, GA (United States)
Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, FL (United States)
US Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), Boise, ID (United States)
Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)
US Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), University Park, PA (United States)
Michigan State Univ., Hickory Corners, MI (United States)
US Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), Morris, MN (United States)
Univ. of Texas at El Paso, TX (United States)
USDA Forest Service, Beltsville, MD (United States)
Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States)
Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO (United States)
US Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), Tucson, AZ (United States)
Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE (United States)

Effective measurement of seasonal variations in the timing and amount of production is critical to managing spatially heterogeneous agroecosystems in a changing climate. Although numerous technologies for such measurements are available, their relationships to one another at a continental extent are unknown. Using data collected from across the Long-Term Agroecosystem Research (LTAR) network and other networks, we investigated correlations among key metrics representing primary production, phenology, and carbon fluxes in croplands, grazing lands, and crop-grazing integrated systems across the continental U.S. Metrics we examined included gross primary productivity (GPP) estimated from eddy covariance (EC) towers and modelled from the Landsat satellite, Landsat NDVI, and vegetation greenness (Green Chromatic Coordinate, GCC) from tower-mounted PhenoCams for 2017 and 2018. Overall, our analysis compared production dynamics estimated from three independent ground and remote platforms using data for 34 agricultural sites constituting 51 site-years of co-located time series. Pairwise sensor comparisons across all four metrics revealed stronger correlation and lower root mean square error (RMSE) between end of season (EOS) dates (Pearson R ranged from 0.6 to 0.7 and RMSE from 32.5 to 67.8) than start of season (SOS) dates (0.46 to 0.69 and 40.4 to 66.2). Overall, moderate to high correlations between SOS and EOS metrics complemented one another except at some lower productivity grazing land sites where estimating SOS can be challenging. Growing season length estimates derived from 16-day satellite GPP (179.1 days) were significantly longer than those from PhenoCam G_CC (70.4 days, p_adj < 0.0001) and EC GPP (79.6 days, p_adj < 0.0001). Landscape heterogeneity did not explain differences in SOS and EOS estimates. Annual integrated estimates of productivity from EC GPP and PhenoCam G_CC diverged from those estimated by Landsat GPP and NDVI at sites where annual production exceeds 1000 gC/m^–2 yr^–1. Based on our results, we developed a “metric assessment framework” that articulates where and how metrics from satellite, eddy covariance and PhenoCams complement, diverge from, or are redundant with one another. The framework was designed to optimize instrumentation selection for monitoring, modeling, and forecasting ecosystem functioning with the ultimate goal of informing decision-making by land managers, policy-makers, and industry leaders working at multiple scales.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Princeton Univ., NJ (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC); USDA; National Science Foundation (NSF)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0016011

OSTI ID:: 1977070

Journal Information:: Ecological Indicators, Vol. 131; ISSN 1470-160X

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (69)

A Mathematical Theory of Communication Shannon, C. E. Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 27, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x	journal	July 1948
Greenness indices from digital cameras predict the timing and seasonal dynamics of canopy-scale photosynthesis Toomey, Michael; Friedl, Mark A.; Frolking, Steve Ecological Applications, Vol. 25, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1890/14-0005.1	journal	January 2015
Seasonal dynamics and partitioning of isotopic CO2 exchange in a C3/C4 managed ecosystem Griffis, T. J.; Baker, J. M.; Zhang, J. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 132, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.06.005	journal	September 2005
Productivity of North American grasslands is increased under future climate scenarios despite rising aridity Hufkens, Koen; Keenan, Trevor F.; Flanagan, Lawrence B. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 6, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2942	journal	February 2016
Differential responses of production and respiration to temperature and moisture drive the carbon balance across a climatic gradient in New Mexico: CARBON BALANCE ACROSS NM ELEVATIONAL GRADIENT Anderson-Teixeira, Kristina J.; Delong, John P.; Fox, Andrew M. Global Change Biology, Vol. 17, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02269.x	journal	December 2010
Water and Carbon Fluxes Along an Elevational Gradient in a Sagebrush Ecosystem Flerchinger, Gerald N.; Fellows, Aaron W.; Seyfried, Mark S. Ecosystems, Vol. 23, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-019-00400-x	journal	May 2019
Gross primary production and ecosystem respiration of irrigated maize and irrigated soybean during a growing season Suyker, Andrew E.; Verma, Shashi B.; Burba, George G. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 131, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.05.007	journal	August 2005
The effects of phenology on indirect measures of aboveground biomass in annual grasses Butterfield, H. S.; Malmström, C. M. International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 30, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160802558774	journal	June 2009
Using a Remote Sensing-Supported Hydro-Agroecological Model for Field-Scale Simulation of Heterogeneous Crop Growth and Yield: Application for Wheat in Central Europe Hank, Tobias; Bach, Heike; Mauser, Wolfram Remote Sensing, Vol. 7, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70403934	journal	April 2015
Cover crops support ecological intensification of arable cropping systems Wittwer, Raphaël A.; Dorn, Brigitte; Jossi, Werner Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41911	journal	February 2017
Evidence for the promotion of aboveground grassland production by native large herbivores in Yellowstone National Park Frank, Douglas A.; McNaughton, Samuel J. Oecologia, Vol. 96, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00317727	journal	November 1993
A Dynamic Landsat Derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Product for the Conterminous United States Robinson, Nathaniel; Allred, Brady; Jones, Matthew Remote Sensing, Vol. 9, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9080863	journal	August 2017
Remote Sensing of Grassland Production and Management—A Review Reinermann, Sophie; Asam, Sarah; Kuenzer, Claudia Remote Sensing, Vol. 12, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12121949	journal	June 2020
Monitoring crop phenology using a smartphone based near-surface remote sensing approach Hufkens, Koen; Melaas, Eli K.; Mann, Michael L. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 265 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.11.002	journal	February 2019
CO ₂ exchange and evapotranspiration across dryland ecosystems of southwestern North America Biederman, Joel A.; Scott, Russell L.; Bell, Tom W. Global Change Biology, Vol. 23, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13686	journal	April 2017
Three decades of multi-dimensional change in global leaf phenology Buitenwerf, Robert; Rose, Laura; Higgins, Steven I. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2533	journal	March 2015
Variability and evolution of global land surface phenology over the past three decades (1982-2012) Garonna, Irene; de Jong, Rogier; Schaepman, Michael E. Global Change Biology, Vol. 22, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13168	journal	February 2016
Fusing Landsat and MODIS Data for Vegetation Monitoring Gao, Feng; Hilker, Thomas; Zhu, Xiaolin IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine, Vol. 3, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/MGRS.2015.2434351	journal	September 2015
Remote sensing of dryland ecosystem structure and function: Progress, challenges, and opportunities Smith, William K.; Dannenberg, Matthew P.; Yan, Dong Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 233 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111401	journal	November 2019
The carbon balance pivot point of southwestern U.S. semiarid ecosystems: Insights from the 21st century drought Scott, Russell L.; Biederman, Joel A.; Hamerlynck, Erik P. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 120, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003181	journal	December 2015
Land‐Atmosphere Responses to a Total Solar Eclipse in Three Ecosystems With Contrasting Structure and Physiology Wood, J. D.; Sadler, E. J.; Fox, N. I. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 124, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029630	journal	January 2019
Comparison of four light use efficiency models for estimating terrestrial gross primary production Zhang, Liang-Xia; Zhou, De-Cheng; Fan, Jiang-Wen Ecological Modelling, Vol. 300 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.01.001	journal	March 2015
Improving remotely-sensed crop monitoring by NDVI-based crop phenology estimators for corn and soybeans in Iowa and Illinois, USA Seo, Bumsuk; Lee, Jihye; Lee, Kyung-Do Field Crops Research, Vol. 238 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2019.03.015	journal	May 2019
Evaluating strategies for sustainable intensification of US agriculture through the Long-Term Agroecosystem Research network Spiegal, S.; Bestelmeyer, B. T.; Archer, D. W. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa779	journal	March 2018
Multi-Scale Phenology of Temperate Grasslands: Improving Monitoring and Management With Near-Surface Phenocams Watson, Christopher J.; Restrepo-Coupe, Natalia; Huete, Alfredo R. Frontiers in Environmental Science, Vol. 7 https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00014	journal	February 2019
Understanding the relationship between vegetation greenness and productivity across dryland ecosystems through the integration of PhenoCam, satellite, and eddy covariance data Yan, D.; Scott, R. L.; Moore, D. J. P. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 223 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.12.029	journal	March 2019
Eddy Covariance Aubinet, Marc; Vesala, Timo; Papale, Dario https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1	book	January 2012
Grazing effects on seasonal dynamics and interannual variabilities of spectral reflectance in semi-arid grassland in Inner Mongolia Fan, Liya; Ketzer, Bettina; Liu, Huizhi Plant and Soil, Vol. 340, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0448-5	journal	June 2010
Terrestrial primary production for the conterminous United States derived from Landsat 30 m and MODIS 250 m Robinson, Nathaniel P.; Allred, Brady W.; Smith, William K. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.74	journal	March 2018
Basic and extensible post-processing of eddy covariance flux data with REddyProc Wutzler, Thomas; Lucas-Moffat, Antje; Migliavacca, Mirco Biogeosciences, Vol. 15, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5015-2018	journal	January 2018
Evapotranspiration of annual and perennial biofuel crops in a variable climate Abraha, Michael; Chen, Jiquan; Chu, Housen GCB Bioenergy, Vol. 7, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12239	journal	February 2015
A comparison of global agricultural monitoring systems and current gaps Fritz, Steffen; See, Linda; Bayas, Juan Carlos Laso Agricultural Systems, Vol. 168 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.05.010	journal	January 2019
Temperate and boreal forest tree phenology: from organ-scale processes to terrestrial ecosystem models Delpierre, Nicolas; Vitasse, Yann; Chuine, Isabelle Annals of Forest Science, Vol. 73, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-015-0477-6	journal	March 2016
From NEON Field Sites to Data Portal: A Community Resource for Surface–Atmosphere Research Comes Online Metzger, Stefan; Ayres, Edward; Durden, David Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 100, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0307.1	journal	November 2019
Emerging technological and cultural shifts advancing drylands research and management Browning, Dawn M.; Rango, Albert; Karl, Jason W. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1890/140161	journal	February 2015
How eddy covariance flux measurements have contributed to our understanding of Global Change Biology Baldocchi, Dennis D. Global Change Biology, Vol. 26, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14807	journal	September 2019
Terrestrial gross primary production: Using NIR _V to scale from site to globe Badgley, Grayson; Anderegg, Leander D. L.; Berry, Joseph A. Global Change Biology, Vol. 25, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14729	journal	July 2019
Intercomparison, interpretation, and assessment of spring phenology in North America estimated from remote sensing for 1982-2006 White, Michael A.; de BEURS, Kirsten M.; Didan, Kamel Global Change Biology, Vol. 15, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01910.x	journal	October 2009
Collaborative Adaptive Rangeland Management Fosters Management-Science Partnerships Wilmer, Hailey; Derner, Justin D.; Fernández-Giménez, María E. Rangeland Ecology & Management, Vol. 71, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2017.07.008	journal	September 2018
Intercomparison of phenological transition dates derived from the PhenoCam Dataset V1.0 and MODIS satellite remote sensing Richardson, Andrew D.; Hufkens, Koen; Milliman, Tom Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23804-6	journal	April 2018
Phenocams Bridge the Gap between Field and Satellite Observations in an Arid Grassland Ecosystem Browning, Dawn; Karl, Jason; Morin, David Remote Sensing, Vol. 9, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9101071	journal	October 2017
The Energy Balance Closure Problem: an Overview Foken, Thomas Ecological Applications, Vol. 18, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1890/06-0922.1	journal	September 2008
Simulating Agriculture in the Community Land Model Version 5 Lombardozzi, Danica L.; Lu, Yaqiong; Lawrence, Peter J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 125, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JG005529	journal	August 2020
Quantitative Effects of Grazing on Vegetation and Soils Over a Global Range of Environments: Ecological Archives M063-001 Milchunas, D. G.; Lauenroth, W. K. Ecological Monographs, Vol. 63, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.2307/2937150	journal	February 1993
Resilience in Forage and Grazinglands Tracy, B. F.; Foster, J. L.; Butler, T. J. Crop Science, Vol. 58, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2017.05.0317	journal	January 2018
Does Herbivory Benefit Plants? A Review of the Evidence Belsky, A. J. The American Naturalist, Vol. 127, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1086/284531	journal	June 1986
Representativeness of Eddy-Covariance flux footprints for areas surrounding AmeriFlux sites Chu, Housen; Luo, Xiangzhong; Ouyang, Zutao Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 301-302 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108350	journal	May 2021
U.S. Agro-Climate in 20th Century: Growing Degree Days, First and Last Frost, Growing Season Length, and Impacts on Crop Yields Kukal, Meetpal S.; Irmak, Suat Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25212-2	journal	May 2018
Comparative analysis of water budgets across the U.S. long-term agroecosystem research network Baffaut, Claire; Baker, John M.; Biederman, Joel A. Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 588 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125021	journal	September 2020
Rotational Grazing on Rangelands: Reconciliation of Perception and Experimental Evidence Briske, D. D.; Derner, J. D.; Brown, J. R. Rangeland Ecology & Management, Vol. 61, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.2111/06-159R.1	journal	January 2008
Matching the phenology of Net Ecosystem Exchange and vegetation indices estimated with MODIS and FLUXNET in-situ observations Balzarolo, M.; Vicca, S.; Nguy-Robertson, A. L. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 174 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.12.017	journal	March 2016
Past, Present, and Future Roles of Long-Term Experiments in the LTER Network Knapp, Alan K.; Smith, Melinda D.; Hobbie, Sarah E. BioScience, Vol. 62, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2012.62.4.9	journal	April 2012
High Biomass Removal Limits Carbon Sequestration Potential of Mature Temperate Pastures Skinner, R. Howard Journal of Environment Quality, Vol. 37, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0263	journal	January 2008
On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm Reichstein, Markus; Falge, Eva; Baldocchi, Dennis Global Change Biology, Vol. 11, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x	journal	September 2005
Land surface phenology derived from normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) at global FLUXNET sites Wu, Chaoyang; Peng, Dailiang; Soudani, Kamel Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 233 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.11.193	journal	February 2017
Surface-Energy-Balance Closure over Land: A Review Mauder, Matthias; Foken, Thomas; Cuxart, Joan Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 177, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00529-6	journal	May 2020
Effect of remote sensing spatial resolution on interpreting tower-based flux observations Li, Fuqin; Kustas, William P.; Anderson, Martha C. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 112, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.11.032	journal	February 2008
Tracking vegetation phenology across diverse biomes using Version 2.0 of the PhenoCam Dataset Seyednasrollah, Bijan; Young, Adam M.; Hufkens, Koen Scientific Data, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0229-9	journal	October 2019
The Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 surface reflectance data set Claverie, Martin; Ju, Junchang; Masek, Jeffrey G. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 219 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.09.002	journal	December 2018
Detected global agricultural greening from satellite data Gao, Xueyuan; Liang, Shunlin; He, Bin Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 276-277 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107652	journal	October 2019
Seasonal Controls of CO ₂ and CH ₄ Dynamics in a Temporarily Flooded Subtropical Wetland Gomez‐Casanovas, Nuria; DeLucia, Nicholas J.; DeLucia, Evan H. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 125, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JG005257	journal	March 2020
Tracking vegetation phenology across diverse North American biomes using PhenoCam imagery Richardson, Andrew D.; Hufkens, Koen; Milliman, Tom Scientific Data, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.28	journal	March 2018
Carbon use efficiency of hayed alfalfa and grass pastures in a semiarid environment Saliendra, Nicanor Z.; Liebig, Mark A.; Kronberg, Scott L. Ecosphere, Vol. 9, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2147	journal	March 2018
Advancing the Sustainability of US Agriculture through Long-Term Research Kleinman, P. J. A.; Spiegal, S.; Rigby, J. R. Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 47, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2018.05.0171	journal	November 2018
Data extraction from digital repeat photography using xROI: An interactive framework to facilitate the process Seyednasrollah, Bijan; Milliman, Thomas; Richardson, Andrew D. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 152 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2019.04.009	journal	June 2019
The AmeriFlux network: A coalition of the willing Novick, K. A.; Biederman, J. A.; Desai, A. R. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 249 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.10.009	journal	February 2018
Evaluating remote sensing of deciduous forest phenology at multiple spatial scales using PhenoCam imagery Klosterman, S. T.; Hufkens, K.; Gray, J. M. Biogeosciences, Vol. 11, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4305-2014	journal	January 2014
Landscape Ecology: The Effect of Pattern on Process Turner, M. G. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 20, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.20.110189.001131	journal	November 1989
Quality Control and Flux Sampling Problems for Tower and Aircraft Data Vickers, Dean; Mahrt, L. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 14, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<0512:QCAFSP>2.0.CO;2	journal	June 1997

Similar Records

Phenocams Bridge the Gap between Field and Satellite Observations in an Arid Grassland Ecosystem

Journal Article · Sat Oct 21 00:00:00 EDT 2017 · Remote Sensing · OSTI ID:1977070

Browning, Dawn; Karl, Jason; Morin, David; +2 more

Upscaling Gross Primary Production in Corn-Soybean Rotation Systems in the Midwest

Journal Article · Wed Jul 17 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Remote Sensing · OSTI ID:1977070

Dold, Christian; Hatfield, Jerry L.; Prueger, John H.; +5 more

Using the red chromatic coordinate to characterize the phenology of forest canopy photosynthesis

Journal Article · Wed Jan 29 00:00:00 EST 2020 · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · OSTI ID:1977070

Liu, Ying; Wu, Chaoyang; Sonnentag, Oliver; +2 more

Related Subjects

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Agricultural management
Eddy covariance
GPP
Growing season length
Indicators
Long-Term Agroecosystem Research (LTAR) network
Landsat
PhenoCam
Sustainable agriculture

Title: Monitoring agroecosystem productivity and phenology at a national scale: A metric assessment framework

Citation Formats

References (69)

Similar Records

Related Subjects