End-gas autoignition fraction and flame propagation rate in laser-ignited primary reference fuel mixtures at elevated temperature and pressure

Zdanowicz, Andrew; Mohr, Jeffrey; Tryner, Jessica; Gustafson, Kara; Windom, Bret; Olsen, Daniel B.; Hampson, Gregory; Marchese, Anthony J.

doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.111661

End-gas autoignition fraction and flame propagation rate in laser-ignited primary reference fuel mixtures at elevated temperature and pressure

Journal Article · Fri Aug 20 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · Combustion and Flame

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.111661· OSTI ID:1976989

Zdanowicz, Andrew ^[1]; Mohr, Jeffrey ^[2]; ^[2]; Gustafson, Kara ^[2]; ^[2]; Olsen, Daniel B. ^[2]; Hampson, Gregory ^[3]; Marchese, Anthony J. ^[2]

Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (United States); OSTI
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (United States)
Woodward Inc., Loveland, CO (United States)

Knock in spark-ignited (SI) engines is initiated by autoignition of the unburned gasses upstream of spark-ignited, propagating, turbulent premixed flames. Knock propensity of fuel/air mixtures is typically quantified using research octane number (RON), motor octane number (MON), or methane number (MN; for gaseous fuels), which are measured using single-cylinder, variable compression ratio engines. In this study, knock propensity of SI fuels was quantified via observations of end-gas autoignition (EGAI) in unburned gasses upstream of laser-ignited, premixed flames at elevated pressures and temperatures in a rapid compression machine. Stoichiometric primary reference fuel (PRF; n-heptane/isooctane) blends of varying reactivity (50 ≤ PRF ≤ 100) were ignited using an Nd:YAG laser over a range of temperatures and pressures, all in excess of 545 K and 16.1 bar. Laser ignition produced outwardly-propagating premixed flames. High-speed pressure measurements and schlieren images indicated the presence of EGAI. The fraction of the total heat release attributed to EGAI (i.e., EGAI fraction) varied with fuel reactivity (i.e., octane number) and the time-integrated temperature of the end-gas prior to ignition. Flame propagation rates, which were measured using schlieren images, were only weakly correlated with octane number but were affected by turbulence caused by variation in piston timing. Under conditions of low turbulence, measured flame propagation rates approached one-dimensional premixed laminar flame speed computations performed at the same conditions. Experiments were simulated with a three-dimensional CONVERGE™ model using reduced chemical kinetics (121 species, 538 reactions). The simulations accurately captured the measured flame propagation rates, as well as the variation in EGAI fraction with fuel reactivity and time-integrated end-gas temperature. The simulations also revealed low-temperature heat release as well as formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide formation in the end-gas upstream of the propagating flame, which increased the temperature and degree of chain branching in the end-gas, ultimately leading to EGAI.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)

Grant/Contract Number:: EE0008331

OSTI ID:: 1976989

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1814545
OSTI ID: 1525088

Journal Information:: Combustion and Flame, Journal Name: Combustion and Flame Journal Issue: C Vol. 234; ISSN 0010-2180

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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