Aqueous spray-drying synthesis of alluaudite Na2+2xFe2–x(SO4)3 sodium insertion material: studies of electrochemical activity, thermodynamic stability, and humidity-induced phase transition

Barman, Pubali; Dwibedi, Debasmita; Jayanthi, K.; Meena, Sher Singh; Nagendran, Supreeth; Navrotsky, Alexandra; Barpanda, Prabeer

doi:10.1007/s10008-022-05142-w

Aqueous spray-drying synthesis of alluaudite Na_2+2xFe_2–x(SO₄)₃ sodium insertion material: studies of electrochemical activity, thermodynamic stability, and humidity-induced phase transition

Journal Article · Thu Mar 03 23:00:00 EST 2022 · Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-022-05142-w· OSTI ID:1976653

Barman, Pubali ^[1]; Dwibedi, Debasmita ^[2]; Jayanthi, K. ^[3]; Meena, Sher Singh ^[4]; Nagendran, Supreeth ^[5]; Navrotsky, Alexandra ^[3]; ^[6]

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore (India); OSTI
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore (India); Univ. of Tokyo (Japan)
Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States)
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai (India)
Bangalore University (India); Univ. of Cambridge (United Kingdom)
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore (India); Helmholtz Institut Ulm (HIU) (Germany)

In pursuit of high-energy density sodium insertion materials, polyanionic frameworks can be designed with tuneable high-voltage operation stemming from inductive effect. Alluaudite Na₂Fe₂(SO₄)₃ polysulfate forms one such earth-abundant compound registering the highest Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ redox potential (ca. 3.8 V vs. Na/Na⁺). While this SO₄-based system exhibits high voltage operation, it is prone to thermal decomposition and moisture attack leading to hydrated derivatives, making its synthesis cumbersome. Also, the Na–Fe–S–O quaternary system is rich with (anhydrous to hydrated) phase transitions. Herein, we demonstrate scalable aqueous-based spray drying synthesis of alluaudite Na_2+2xFe_2–x(SO₄)₃ sodium insertion material involving the formation of bloedite Na₂Fe(SO₄)₂·4H₂O as an intermediate phase. Moreover, a reversible phase transition from alluaudite to bloedite under controlled conditions of temperature and relative humidity is reported for the first time. Thermochemistry measurements revealed the enthalpies of formation (ΔH°_f) of alluaudite and bloedite are exothermic. Hydrated bloedite (ΔH°_f = –117.16 ± 1.10 kJ/mol) was found to be significantly more energetically stable than anhydrous alluaudite (ΔH°_f = –11.76 ± 1.25 kJ/mol). The calorimetric data support the observed synthesis and transformation (hydration-dehydration) pathways. Spray drying route led to spherical morphology delivering capacity ~80 mAh/g. Spray drying can be extended for rapid economic synthesis of sulfate class of battery materials.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC). Basic Energy Sciences (BES); Science and Engineering Research Broad, India (SERB)

Grant/Contract Number:: FG02-03ER46053

OSTI ID:: 1976653

Journal Information:: Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, Journal Name: Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry Journal Issue: 9 Vol. 26; ISSN 1432-8488

Publisher:: Springer NatureCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Aqueous spray-drying synthesis of alluaudite Na2+2xFe2–x(SO4)3 sodium insertion material: studies of electrochemical activity, thermodynamic stability, and humidity-induced phase transition

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Aqueous spray-drying synthesis of alluaudite Na_2+2xFe_2–x(SO₄)₃ sodium insertion material: studies of electrochemical activity, thermodynamic stability, and humidity-induced phase transition