Skip to main content
U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Operational Limits of Redox Metal Oxides Performing Thermochemical Water Splitting

Journal Article · · Energy Technology

Solar thermochemical hydrogen production is an attractive technology that stores intermittent solar energy in the form of chemical bonds. Efficient operation requires the identification of a redox-active metal oxide (MOx) material that can achieve high conversion of water to hydrogen at minimal energy input. Water splitting occurs by consecutive reduction and reoxidation reactions of MOx. MOx is reduced to MOx-δ and, in the second step, is reoxidized by water recovering the initial MOx and generate H2. The material must reduce at temperatures achievable in concentrated solar receiver/reactors, while maintaining a thermodynamic driving force to split water. At equilibrium, extent of reduction depends on temperature and oxygen partial pressure, and in this analysis, a set of thermodynamic properties, namely, enthalpy and entropy of oxygen vacancy formation, is sufficient to represent MOx. Herein, a method to easily classify materials based on these thermodynamic properties under any condition of oxygen partial pressure and temperature is presented. This method is based on fundamental thermodynamic principles and is applicable for any redox material with known thermodynamic properties. Despite the simplicity of the method, it is believed that this analysis will support future research in targeting thermodynamic properties of redox-active metal oxides.

Research Organization:
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (United States); Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (ARPA-E); Department of Defense (DoD); ASU LightWorks; HydroGEN Advanced Water Splitting Materials Consortium; USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Office of Sustainable Transportation. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technologies Office (HFTO)
Grant/Contract Number:
AR0000991; EE0008090; EE0008991
OSTI ID:
1976328
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 1798403
Journal Information:
Energy Technology, Journal Name: Energy Technology Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 10; ISSN 2194-4288
Publisher:
WileyCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

References (52)

Considerations in the Design of Materials for Solar-Driven Fuel Production Using Metal-Oxide Thermochemical Cycles journal October 2013
Ln 0.5 A 0.5 MnO 3 (Ln=Lanthanide, A= Ca, Sr) Perovskites Exhibiting Remarkable Performance in the Thermochemical Generation of CO and H 2 from CO 2 and H 2 O journal March 2015
High Redox Capacity of Al-Doped La 1− x Sr x MnO 3− δ Perovskites for Splitting CO 2 and H 2 O at Mn-Enriched Surfaces journal February 2017
Recent Advances in Novel Nanostructuring Methods of Perovskite Electrocatalysts for Energy-Related Applications journal May 2018
Cobalt Ferrite in YSZ for Use as Reactive Material in Solar Thermochemical Water and Carbon Dioxide Splitting, Part I: Material Characterization journal August 2013
Design Aspects Of Solar Thermochemical Engineering—A Case Study: Two-Step Water-Splitting Cycle Using The Fe3O4/FeO Redox System journal January 1999
Thermochemical hydrogen production: past and present journal March 2001
Oxygen nonstoichiometry, defect equilibria, and thermodynamic characterization of LaMnO3 perovskites with Ca/Sr A-site and Al B-site doping journal January 2016
Mimicking tetravalent dopant behavior using paired charge compensating dopants to improve the redox performance of ceria for thermochemically splitting H2O and CO2 journal February 2018
Annual Average Efficiency of a Solar-thermochemical Reactor journal January 2014
Thermochemical CO2 and CO2/H2O Splitting over NiFe2O4 for Solar Fuels Synthesis journal January 2014
Screening of water-splitting thermochemical cycles potentially attractive for hydrogen production by concentrated solar energy journal November 2006
Thermochemical two-step water splitting by internally circulating fluidized bed of NiFe2O4 particles: Successive reaction of thermal-reduction and water-decomposition steps journal April 2011
Comparison of thermochemical, electrolytic, photoelectrolytic and photochemical solar-to-hydrogen production technologies journal November 2012
Influence of structural and morphological characteristics on the hydrogen production and sodium recovery in the NaOH–MnO thermochemical cycle journal October 2013
Role of the physicochemical properties of hausmannite on the hydrogen production via the Mn3O4–NaOH thermochemical cycle journal January 2016
System efficiency for two-step metal oxide solar thermochemical hydrogen production – Part 3: Various methods for achieving low oxygen partial pressures in the reduction reaction journal November 2016
System efficiency for two-step metal oxide solar thermochemical hydrogen production – Part 2: Impact of gas heat recuperation and separation temperatures journal November 2016
A decade of ceria based solar thermochemical H2O/CO2 splitting cycle journal January 2019
Thermodynamic development and design of a concentrating solar thermochemical water-splitting process for co-production of hydrogen and electricity journal September 2018
Annual performance of a thermochemical solar syngas production plant based on non-stoichiometric CeO2 journal January 2019
Understanding water-splitting thermochemical cycles based on nickel and cobalt ferrites for hydrogen production journal July 2019
Investigation of Zr, Gd/Zr, and Pr/Zr – doped ceria for the redox splitting of water journal January 2020
Experimental, computational and thermodynamic studies in perovskites metal oxides for thermochemical fuel production: A review journal April 2020
Techno-economic analysis of thermochemical water-splitting system for Co-production of hydrogen and electricity journal January 2021
Exploring the alternative MnO-Na2CO3 thermochemical cycle for water splitting journal December 2020
Earth-abundant transition metal oxides with extraordinary reversible oxygen exchange capacity for efficient thermochemical synthesis of solar fuels journal August 2018
Comparative review of hydrogen production technologies for nuclear hybrid energy systems journal May 2020
Solar thermochemical production of hydrogen––a review journal May 2005
Advances and trends in redox materials for solar thermochemical fuel production journal November 2017
Using in-situ techniques to probe high-temperature reactions: thermochemical cycles for the production of synthetic fuels from CO 2 and water journal June 2012
Thermodynamic Analyses of Fuel Production via Solar-Driven Non-stoichiometric Metal Oxide Redox Cycling. Part 1. Revisiting Flow and Equilibrium Assumptions journal September 2018
Ceria–Zirconia Solid Solutions (Ce 1– x Zr x O 2−δ , x ≤ 0.2) for Solar Thermochemical Water Splitting: A Thermodynamic Study journal October 2014
Solar Thermochemical CO 2 Splitting Utilizing a Reticulated Porous Ceria Redox System journal October 2012
Lanthanum–Strontium–Manganese Perovskites as Redox Materials for Solar Thermochemical Splitting of H 2 O and CO 2 journal March 2013
Thermodynamic Analysis of Isothermal Redox Cycling of Ceria for Solar Fuel Production journal July 2013
On the Efficiency of Solar H 2 and CO Production via the Thermochemical Cerium Oxide Redox Cycle: The Option of Inert-Swept Reduction journal January 2015
Extracting Kinetic Information from Complex Gas–Solid Reaction Data journal December 2014
Efficiency maximization in solar-thermochemical fuel production: challenging the concept of isothermal water splitting journal January 2014
Thermodynamic and kinetic assessments of strontium-doped lanthanum manganite perovskites for two-step thermochemical water splitting journal January 2014
Solar thermochemical splitting of CO 2 into separate streams of CO and O 2 with high selectivity, stability, conversion, and efficiency journal January 2017
Principles of doping ceria for the solar thermochemical redox splitting of H 2 O and CO 2 journal January 2017
Thermodynamics of paired charge-compensating doped ceria with superior redox performance for solar thermochemical splitting of H 2 O and CO 2 journal January 2017
BaCe 0.25 Mn 0.75 O 3−δ —a promising perovskite-type oxide for solar thermochemical hydrogen production journal January 2018
Materials design of perovskite solid solutions for thermochemical applications journal January 2019
Kinetics and mechanism of solar-thermochemical H2 production by oxidation of a cobalt ferrite–zirconia composite journal January 2013
Sr- and Mn-doped LaAlO3−δ for solar thermochemical H2 and CO production journal January 2013
H 2 generation from two-step thermochemical water-splitting reaction using sol-gel derived Sn x Fe y O z journal November 2011
Reducing background signals in SERS detection and imaging journal May 2019
First-principles thermodynamic framework for the evaluation of thermochemical H 2 O - or CO 2 -splitting materials journal December 2009
A New Reactor Concept for Efficient Solar-Thermochemical Fuel Production journal February 2013
Metal Oxides Applied to Thermochemical Water-Splitting for Hydrogen Production Using Concentrated Solar Energy journal July 2019