CdTe-based thin film photovoltaics: Recent advances, current challenges and future prospects

Scarpulla, Michael A.; McCandless, Brian; Phillips, Adam B.; Yan, Yanfa; Heben, Michael J.; Wolden, Colin; Xiong, Gang; Metzger, Wyatt K.; Mao, Dan; Krasikov, Dmitry; Sankin, Igor; Grover, Sachit; Munshi, Amit; Sampath, Walajabad; Sites, James R.; Bothwell, Alexandra; Albin, David; Reese, Matthew O.; Romeo, Alessandro; Nardone, Marco; Klie, Robert; Walls, J. Michael; Fiducia, Thomas; Abbas, Ali; Hayes, Sarah M.

doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2023.112289

Title: CdTe-based thin film photovoltaics: Recent advances, current challenges and future prospects

Journal Article · Tue Mar 28 00:00:00 EDT 2023 · Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2023.112289· OSTI ID:1971883

^[1]; McCandless, Brian ^[2]; Phillips, Adam B. ^[3]; Yan, Yanfa ^[3]; Heben, Michael J. ^[3]; Wolden, Colin ^[4]; Xiong, Gang ^[5]; Metzger, Wyatt K. ^[5]; Mao, Dan ^[5]; Krasikov, Dmitry ^[5]; Sankin, Igor ^[5]; Grover, Sachit ^[5]; Munshi, Amit ^[6]; Sampath, Walajabad ^[6]; Sites, James R. ^[6]; Bothwell, Alexandra ^[7]; Albin, David ^[8]; Reese, Matthew O. ^[8]; Romeo, Alessandro ^[9]; Nardone, Marco ^[10] more »

Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (United States)
Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE (United States)
Univ. of Toledo, OH (United States). Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization (PVIC)
Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO (United States)
First Solar, Inc., Fort Collins, CO (United States)
Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO (United States)
Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO (United States); National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
Universita’ di Verona (Italy)
Bowling Green State Univ., OH (United States)
Univ. of Illinois, Chicago, IL (United States)
Loughborough Univ. (United Kingdom)
US Geological Survey, Reston, VA (United States)

Cadmium telluride (CdTe)-based cells have emerged as the leading commercialized thin film photovoltaic technology and has intrinsically better temperature coefficients, energy yield, and degradation rates than Si technologies. More than 30 GW peak (GWp) of CdTe-based modules are installed worldwide, multiple companies are in production, modules are shipping at up to 18.6% efficiency, and lab cell efficiency is above 22%. We review developments in the science and technology that have occurred over approximately the past decade. These achievements were enabled by manufacturing innovations and scaling module production, as well as maximizing photocurrent through window layer optimization and alloyed CdSe_xTe_1-x (CST) absorbers. Improved chlorine passivation processes, film microstructure, and serendipitous Se defect passivation significantly increased minority carrier lifetime. Efficiencies >22% have been realized for both Cu and As doped CST-based cells. The path to further efficiency gains hinges primarily on increasing open circuit voltage (V_oc) and fill factor (FF) through innovations in materials, fabrication methods, and device stacks. Replacing the longstanding Cu doping with As doping is resulting in better module stability and is being translated to large-scale production. To realize 25% efficiency and >1 V V_oc, research and development is needed to increase the minority carrier lifetime beyond 100 ns, reduce grain boundary and interface recombination, and tailor band diagrams at the front and back interfaces. Many of these goals have been realized separately however combining them together using scalable manufacturing approaches has been elusive to date. We review these achievements and outstanding opportunities for this remarkable photovoltaic technology.

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Research Organization:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Solar Energy Technologies Office; National Science Foundation (NSF)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308; EE0007543; EE0008557; EE0008552; EE0008974; 37989; 1711885

OSTI ID:: 1971883

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA-5K00-85320; MainId:86093; UUID:7411c2d2-7cf9-4c9b-9bc2-35cdb8e98d24; MainAdminID:69349

Journal Information:: Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 255; ISSN 0927-0248

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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