Visualizing Intrinsic 3D-Strain Distribution in Gold Coated ZnO Microstructures by Bragg Coherent X-Ray Diffraction Imaging and Transmission Electron Microscopy with Respect to Piezotronic Applications

Jordt, Philipp; Wolff, Niklas; Hrkac, Stjepan B.; Shree, Sindu; Wang, Di; Harder, Ross J.; Kübel, Christian; Adelung, Rainer; Shpyrko, Oleg G.; Magnussen, Olaf M.; Kienle, Lorenz; Murphy, Bridget M.

doi:10.1002/aelm.202100546

Title: Visualizing Intrinsic 3D-Strain Distribution in Gold Coated ZnO Microstructures by Bragg Coherent X-Ray Diffraction Imaging and Transmission Electron Microscopy with Respect to Piezotronic Applications

Journal Article · Wed Aug 11 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · Advanced Electronic Materials

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.202100546· OSTI ID:1970748

Jordt, Philipp ^[1]; Wolff, Niklas ^[1]; Hrkac, Stjepan B. ^[2]; Shree, Sindu ^[3]; Wang, Di ^[4]; Harder, Ross J. ^[5]; Kübel, Christian ^[6]; Adelung, Rainer ^[1]; Shpyrko, Oleg G. ^[2]; Magnussen, Olaf M. ^[1]; Kienle, Lorenz ^[1];

^[1]

University of Kiel (Germany)
University of California, San Diego, CA (United States)
University of Bremen (Germany)
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) (Germany)
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) (Germany); Technical University of Darmstadt (Germany)

Novel devices ranging from bio magnetic field sensors to energy harvesting nano machines utilize the piezotronic effect. For optimal function, understanding the interaction of electrical and strain phenomena within the semiconductor crystal is necessary. Here, studies of a model piezotronic system are presented, consisting of a ZnO microrod coated by a thin layer of gold, which forms a Schottky contact with the piezoelectric ZnO material. Coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (CXDI) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to visualize the structure and strain distribution, showing that the ZnO microrod exhibits strains of multiple origins in the bulk and at the interface. Strain values of -6 × 10^-4have been measured by CXDI at the ZnO/Au interface. The origin is shown to be a combination of an interface strain, possibly caused by the Schottky contact formation, and distinct, localized electrical fields inside the crystal which are assigned to electron depletion and screening in a bent ZnO/Au piezotronic rod. These findings will contribute to sensor development and to a better understanding of piezotronic applications.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); German Research Foundation (DFG); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Scientific User Facilities (SUF)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-06CH11357; SC0001805

OSTI ID:: 1970748

Journal Information:: Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 11; ISSN 2199-160X

Publisher:: WileyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (61)

Taxel-Addressable Matrix of Vertical-Nanowire Piezotronic Transistors for Active and Adaptive Tactile Imaging Wu, W.; Wen, X.; Wang, Z. L. Science, Vol. 340, Issue 6135 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1234855	journal	April 2013
Piezotronic Graphene Artificial Sensory Synapse Chen, Youhui; Gao, Guoyun; Zhao, Jing Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201900959	journal	March 2019
Vertically Aligned CdSe Nanowire Arrays for Energy Harvesting and Piezotronic Devices Zhou, Yu Sheng; Wang, Kai; Han, Weihua ACS Nano, Vol. 6, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn3022074	journal	July 2012
Piezoelectric nanogenerators with high performance against harsh conditions based on tunable N doped 4H-SiC nanowire arrays Zhou, Linlin; Yang, Tao; Zhu, Laipan Nano Energy, Vol. 83 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.105826	journal	May 2021
Self-Biased Magnetoelectric Composites: An Overview and Future Perspectives Zhou, Yuan; Maurya, Deepam; Yan, Yongke Energy Harvesting and Systems, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1515/ehs-2015-0003	journal	January 2016
Exchange biasing of magnetoelectric composites Lage, Enno; Kirchhof, Christine; Hrkac, Viktor Nature Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3306	journal	April 2012
Recent Progress in Multiferroic Magnetoelectric Composites: from Bulk to Thin Films Ma, Jing; Hu, Jiamian; Li, Zheng Advanced Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201003636	journal	February 2011
Electrically modulated magnetoelectric sensors Hayes, P.; Salzer, S.; Reermann, J. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 108, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4948470	journal	May 2016
First principle simulations of piezotronic transistors Liu, Wei; Zhang, Aihua; Zhang, Yan Nano Energy, Vol. 14 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.10.014	journal	May 2015
Advances in piezotronic transistors and piezotronics Wang, Longfei; Wang, Zhong Lin Nano Today, Vol. 37 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101108	journal	April 2021
Piezotronic-based magnetoelectric sensor: Fabrication and response: Piezotronic-based magnetoelectric sensor Gröttrup, Jorit; Kaps, Sören; Carstensen, Jürgen physica status solidi (a), Vol. 213, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201532924	journal	March 2016
Nanogenerator and piezotronic inspired concepts for energy efficient magnetic field sensors Mintken, Mona; Schweichel, Marleen; Schröder, Stefan Nano Energy, Vol. 56 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.11.031	journal	February 2019
Physics of Semiconductor Devices Sze, S. M.; Ng, Kwok K. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470068329	book	January 2007
Piezoelectricity Martin, Richard M. Physical Review B, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.5.1607	journal	February 1972
Ionicity and the theory of Schottky barriers Louie, Steven G.; Chelikowsky, James R.; Cohen, Marvin L. Physical Review B, Vol. 15, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.15.2154	journal	February 1977
Piezotronic effect at Schottky barrier of a metal-ZnO single crystal interface Keil, Peter; Frömling, Till; Klein, Andreas Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 121, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4981243	journal	April 2017
Local Strain Distribution in ZnO Microstructures Visualized with Scanning Nano X‐Ray Diffraction and Impact on Electrical Properties Jordt, Philipp; Hrkac, Stjepan B.; Gröttrup, Jorit Advanced Engineering Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100201	journal	May 2021
Flexible Piezotronic Strain Sensor Zhou, Jun; Gu, Yudong; Fei, Peng Nano Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 9, p. 3035-3040 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl802367t	journal	September 2008
Strain-Gated Piezotronic Logic Nanodevices Wu, Wenzhuo; Wei, Yaguang; Wang, Zhong Lin Advanced Materials, Vol. 22, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201001925	journal	November 2010
Effects of piezoelectric potential on the transport characteristics of metal-ZnO nanowire-metal field effect transistor Gao, Zhiyuan; Zhou, Jun; Gu, Yudong Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 105, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3125449	journal	June 2009
Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Based on Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays Wang, Z. L. Science, Vol. 312, Issue 5771 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1124005	journal	April 2006
Electrostatic Potential in a Bent Piezoelectric Nanowire. The Fundamental Theory of Nanogenerator and Nanopiezotronics Gao, Yifan; Wang, Zhong Lin Nano Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl071310j	journal	August 2007
Equilibrium Potential of Free Charge Carriers in a Bent Piezoelectric Semiconductive Nanowire Gao, Yifan; Wang, Zhong Lin Nano Letters, Vol. 9, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl803547f	journal	February 2009
Local magnetization and strain in single magnetoelectric microrod composites Hrkac, S. B.; Abes, M.; Koops, C. T. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 103, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4821443	journal	September 2013
Tunable Strain in Magnetoelectric ZnO Microrod Composite Interfaces Hrkac, Stjepan Bozidar; Koops, Christian Thorsten; Abes, Madjid ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 9, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b15598	journal	July 2017
Coherent X-ray diffraction imaging of strain at the nanoscale Robinson, Ian; Harder, Ross Nature Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2400	journal	April 2009
Nanoscale imaging of the full strain tensor of specific dislocations extracted from a bulk sample Hofmann, Felix; Phillips, Nicholas W.; Das, Suchandrima Physical Review Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.4.013801	journal	January 2020
Bragg coherent diffractive imaging of single-grain defect dynamics in polycrystalline films Yau, Allison; Cha, Wonsuk; Kanan, Matthew W. Science, Vol. 356, Issue 6339 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam6168	journal	May 2017
Single Particle Nanomechanics in Operando Batteries via Lensless Strain Mapping Ulvestad, Andrew; Singer, Andrej; Cho, Hyung-Man Nano Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl501858u	journal	August 2014
Structural Changes in a Single GaN Nanowire under Applied Voltage Bias Lazarev, Sergey; Dzhigaev, Dmitry; Bi, Zhaoxia Nano Letters, Vol. 18, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01802	journal	July 2018
Three-dimensional optical trapping and orientation of microparticles for coherent X-ray diffraction imaging Gao, Yuan; Harder, Ross; Southworth, Stephen H. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 116, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720785116	journal	February 2019
Three-dimensional Bragg coherent diffraction imaging of an extended ZnO crystal Huang, Xiaojing; Harder, Ross; Leake, Steven Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 45, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889812018900	journal	June 2012
Coherent x-ray diffraction imaging of ZnO nanostructures under confined illumination Xiong, Gang; Huang, Xiaojing; Leake, Steven New Journal of Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/13/3/033006	journal	March 2011
Three-dimensional mapping of a deformation field inside a nanocrystal Pfeifer, Mark A.; Williams, Garth J.; Vartanyants, Ivan A. Nature, Vol. 442, Issue 7098 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04867	journal	July 2006
Synchrotron X-ray Analytical Techniques for Studying Materials Electrochemistry in Rechargeable Batteries Lin, Feng; Liu, Yijin; Yu, Xiqian Chemical Reviews, Vol. 117, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00007	journal	September 2017
Strain mapping of semiconductor specimens with nm-scale resolution in a transmission electron microscope Cooper, David; Denneulin, Thibaud; Bernier, Nicolas Micron, Vol. 80 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2015.09.001	journal	January 2016
Phase retrieval algorithms: a comparison Fienup, J. R. Applied Optics, Vol. 21, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.21.002758	journal	January 1982
Phase-retrieval stagnation problems and solutions Fienup, J. R.; Wackerman, C. C. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Vol. 3, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.3.001897	journal	January 1986
Transparent Conductive Zinc Oxide Ellmer, Klaus; Klein, Andreas; Rech, Bernd Springer Series in Materials Science https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73612-7	book	January 2008
Towards a quantitative determination of strain in Bragg Coherent X-ray Diffraction Imaging: artefacts and sign convention in reconstructions Carnis, Jérôme; Gao, Lu; Labat, Stéphane Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53774-2	journal	November 2019
Coherent X-Ray Diffraction Imaging and Characterization of Strain in Silicon-on-Insulator Nanostructures Xiong, Gang; Moutanabbir, Oussama; Reiche, Manfred Advanced Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201304511	journal	June 2014
Orientation variation of surface strain Harder, R.; Pfeifer, M. A.; Williams, G. J. Physical Review B, Vol. 76, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.76.115425	journal	September 2007
Analysis of strain and stacking faults in single nanowires using Bragg coherent diffraction imaging Favre-Nicolin, V.; Mastropietro, F.; Eymery, J. New Journal of Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/12/3/035013	journal	March 2010
Inverse piezoelectric effect in polymers Levine, Sumner N. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 9, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091013	journal	October 1965
Fabrication and Impedance Analysis of n-ZnO Nanorod/p-Si Heterojunctions to Investigate Carrier Concentrations in Zn/O Source- Ratio-Tuned ZnO Nanorod Arrays Wu, J. -J.; Wong, D. K. -P. Advanced Materials, Vol. 19, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200602052	journal	August 2007
Electrical transport properties of Zn doped ZnO Hagemark, K. I.; Chacka, L. C. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Vol. 15, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4596(75)90211-X	journal	November 1975
Interface Schottky barrier engineering via strain in metal–semiconductor composites Ma, Xiangchao; Dai, Ying; Yu, Lin Nanoscale, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR05583K	journal	January 2016
Change in equilibrium position of misfit dislocations at the GaN/sapphire interface by Si-ion implantation into sapphire—I. Microstructural characterization Lee, Sung Bo; Ju, Jin-Woo; Kim, Young-Min AIP Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4927770	journal	July 2015
Finite element analysis of stress relaxation in thin foil plan‐view transmission electron microscopy specimens Hull, R. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 63, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.110507	journal	October 1993
Geometric phase analysis of high-resolution electron microscopy images of antiphase domains: Example Cu ₃ Au Hÿch, M. J.; Potez, L. Philosophical Magazine A, Vol. 76, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1080/01418619708214218	journal	December 1997
Full piezoelectric tensors of wurtzite and zinc blende ZnO and ZnS by first-principles calculations Catti, M.; Noel, Y.; Dovesi, R. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Vol. 64, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3697(03)00219-1	journal	November 2003
Investigation of structural and optical properties of ZnO thin films of different thickness grown by pulsed laser deposition method Kumar, Veeresh; Singh, Shushant Kumar; Sharma, Himanshu Physica B: Condensed Matter, Vol. 552 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2018.10.004	journal	January 2019
Ultrathin Piezotronic Transistors with 2 nm Channel Lengths Wang, Longfei; Liu, Shuhai; Gao, Guoyun ACS Nano, Vol. 12, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b01957	journal	April 2018
Phase retrieval, error reduction algorithm, and Fienup variants: a view from convex optimization Bauschke, Heinz H.; Combettes, Patrick L.; Luke, D. Russell Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Vol. 19, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.19.001334	journal	January 2002
Invited Article: A unified evaluation of iterative projection algorithms for phase retrieval Marchesini, S. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 78, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2403783	journal	January 2007
X-ray image reconstruction from a diffraction pattern alone Marchesini, S.; He, H.; Chapman, H. N. Physical Review B, Vol. 68, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.68.140101	journal	October 2003
Partial coherence effects on the imaging of small crystals using coherent x-ray diffraction Vartanyants, I. A.; Robinson, I. K. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 13, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/13/47/305	journal	November 2001
High-resolution three-dimensional partially coherent diffraction imaging Clark, J. N.; Huang, X.; Harder, R. Nature Communications, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1994	journal	January 2012
Fabrication of Macroscopically Flexible and Highly Porous 3D Semiconductor Networks from Interpenetrating Nanostructures by a Simple Flame Transport Approach Mishra, Yogendra K.; Kaps, Sören; Schuchardt, Arnim Particle & Particle Systems Characterization, Vol. 30, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.201300197	journal	July 2013
D.c. properties of ZnO thin films prepared by r.f. magnetron sputtering Mahmood, F. S.; Gould, R. D.; Hassan, A. K. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 270, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(95)06928-3	journal	December 1995
Capacitive properties of zinc oxide thin films by radiofrequency magnetron sputtering Ondo-Ndong, Roger; Essone-Obame, Hans; Moussambi, Zita Hermance Journal of Theoretical and Applied Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40094-018-0309-9	journal	November 2018

Cited By (1)

Strain Distribution in Au/ZnO Microstructures for bio-magnetic sensing utilizing Scanning X-Ray Nano Diffraction and Coherent X-Ray Diffraction Imaging Jordt, Philipp Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7780497	text	January 2023

Linked Research (2)

Similar Records

Theoretical study on the top- and enclosed-contacted single-layer MoS{sub 2} piezotronic transistors

Journal Article · Mon May 02 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · Applied Physics Letters · OSTI ID:1970748

Liu, Wei; Zhou, Yongli; Zhang, Aihua; +1 more

Highly efficient and stable p-type ZnO nanowires with piezotronic effect for photoelectrochemical water splitting

Journal Article · Wed May 01 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Nano Energy · OSTI ID:1970748

Cao, Chang; Xie, Xinxin; Zeng, Yamei; +5 more

Enhancing ZnO nanowire gas sensors using Au/Fe₂O₃ hybrid nanoparticle decoration

Journal Article · Thu May 28 00:00:00 EDT 2020 · Nanotechnology · OSTI ID:1970748

Zhang, Bo; Huang, Yingyu; Vinluan, Rodrigo; +7 more

Related Subjects

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction imaging
ZnO
smart devices
strain
transmission electron microscopy geometrical phase analysis

Raw Data: Gold Coated ZnO Microstructures by Bragg Coherent X-Ray Diffraction Imaging Jordt, Philipp; Hrkac, Stjepan B.; Harder, Ross J. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7323870 The current record is supplemented by this dataset	dataset	January 2022
Raw Data: Gold Coated ZnO Microstructures by Bragg Coherent X-Ray Diffraction Imaging Jordt, Philipp; Hrkac, Stjepan B.; Harder, Ross J. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7323871 The current record is supplemented by this dataset	dataset	January 2022