Review of Multifunctional Separators: Stabilizing the Cathode and the Anode for Alkali (Li, Na, and K) Metal–Sulfur and Selenium Batteries

Hao, Hongchang; Hutter, Tanya; Boyce, Brad L.; Watt, John Daniel; Liu, Pengcheng; Mitlin, David

doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00838

Title: Review of Multifunctional Separators: Stabilizing the Cathode and the Anode for Alkali (Li, Na, and K) Metal–Sulfur and Selenium Batteries

Journal Article · Tue Mar 29 00:00:00 EDT 2022 · Chemical Reviews

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00838· OSTI ID:1968205

Hao, Hongchang ^[1]; Hutter, Tanya ^[1]; Boyce, Brad L. ^[2];

^[2];

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Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (United States)
Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States). Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies

Alkali metal batteries based on lithium, sodium, and potassium anodes and sulfur-based cathodes are regarded as key for next-generation energy storage due to their high theoretical energy and potential cost effectiveness. However, metal–sulfur batteries remain challenged by several factors, including polysulfides’ (PSs) dissolution, sluggish sulfur redox kinetics at the cathode, and metallic dendrite growth at the anode. Functional separators and interlayers are an innovative approach to remedying these drawbacks. Here we critically review the state-of-the-art in separators/interlayers for cathode and anode protection, covering the Li–S and the emerging Na–S and K–S systems. The approaches for improving electrochemical performance may be categorized as one or a combination of the following: Immobilization of polysulfides (cathode); catalyzing sulfur redox kinetics (cathode); introduction of protective layers to serve as an artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) (anode); and combined improvement in electrolyte wetting and homogenization of ion flux (anode and cathode). It is demonstrated that while the advances in Li–S are relatively mature, less progress has been made with Na–S and K–S due to the more challenging redox chemistry at the cathode and increased electrochemical instability at the anode. Throughout these sections there is a complementary discussion of functional separators for emerging alkali metal systems based on metal–selenium and the metal–selenium sulfide. The focus then shifts to interlayers and artificial SEI/cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) layers employed to stabilize solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) in metal–sulfur solid-state batteries (SSBs). The discussion of SSEs focuses on inorganic electrolytes based on Li- and Na-based oxides and sulfides but also touches on some hybrid systems with an inorganic matrix and a minority polymer phase. The review then moves to practical considerations for functional separators, including scaleup issues and Li–S technoeconomics. The review concludes with an outlook section, where we discuss emerging mechanics, spectroscopy, and advanced electron microscopy (e.g. cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and cryo-focused ion beam (cryo-FIB))-based approaches for analysis of functional separator structure–battery electrochemical performance interrelations. Finally, throughout the review we identify the outstanding open scientific and technological questions while providing recommendations for future research topics.

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Research Organization:: Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

Grant/Contract Number:: 89233218CNA000001; NA0003525

OSTI ID:: 1968205

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-21-29254

Journal Information:: Chemical Reviews, Vol. 122, Issue 9; ISSN 0009-2665

Publisher:: American Chemical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Review of Emerging Potassium–Sulfur Batteries Ding, Jia; Zhang, Hao; Fan, Wenjie Advanced Materials, Vol. 32, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201908007	journal	April 2020
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Highly Stable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Based on Laponite Nanosheet-Coated Celgard Separators Yang, Yanfei; Zhang, Junping Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201801778	journal	July 2018
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Long-Life Room-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries by Virtue of Transition-Metal-Nanocluster-Sulfur Interactions Zhang, Bin-Wei; Sheng, Tian; Wang, Yun-Xiao Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 58, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201811080	journal	January 2019

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