A Review of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Machine Technology

Nishanth, FNU; Van Verdeghem, Joachim; Severson, Eric L.

doi:10.1109/tia.2023.3258933

A Review of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Machine Technology

Journal Article · Mon Mar 20 00:00:00 EDT 2023 · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/tia.2023.3258933· OSTI ID:1962293

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Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States); University of Minnesota
Univ. Catholique de Louvain (Belgium)
Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)

Axial flux permanent magnet machines (AFPM) are popular for applications that benefit from high torque density and an axially compact form factor, such as in-wheel traction drives. Although the radial flux permanent magnet machine (RFPM) and the AFPM work based on the same underlying principle, the differences in their geometry introduce complexities in analysis of the AFPM. In this paper, the different AFPM design variants, their sizing approaches, computationally efficient design optimization techniques, and manufacturing techniques reported in literature are reviewed. In addition to classical AFPM machines, emerging variants and research opportunities with potential to push the boundaries of electric machine technology are reviewed. Furthermore, these include bearingless AFPMs, magnetically geared AFPMs, and combined radial-axial flux machines.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)

Grant/Contract Number:: EE0008384

OSTI ID:: 1962293

Journal Information:: IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Journal Name: IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications Journal Issue: 4 Vol. 59; ISSN 0093-9994

Publisher:: IEEECopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Design Optimization of Direct-Coupled Ironless Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Wind Generator With Low Cost and High Annual Energy Yield Daghigh, Ali; Javadi, Hamid; Torkaman, Hossein IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 52, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2016.2560143	journal	September 2016
Comparison of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines With Electrical Steel Core and Soft Magnetic Composite Core Kim, Chang-Woo; Jang, Gang-Hyeon; Kim, Jeong-Man IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 53, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2017.2701792	journal	November 2017
Two-Level Surrogate-Assisted Differential Evolution Multi-Objective Optimization of Electric Machines Using 3-D FEA Taran, Narges; Ionel, Dan M.; Dorrell, David G. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 54, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2018.2856858	journal	November 2018
Electromagnetic Analysis on Novel Rotor-Segmented Axial-Field SRM Based on Dynamic Magnetic Equivalent Circuit Sun, Wei; Li, Qiang; Sun, Le IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 55, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2019.2901002	journal	June 2019
Development of a High-Performance Axial Flux PM Machine With SMC Cores for Electric Vehicle Application Wang, Youhua; Lu, Jiawei; Liu, Chengcheng IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 55, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2019.2914493	journal	July 2019
Analysis and Optimization of the Axial Electromagnetic Force for an Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Vernier Machine Wang, Quanlin; Zhao, Fei; Yang, Kuang IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 57, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2020.3005216	journal	February 2021
Lorentz Force-Type Integrated Motor-Bearing System in Dual Rotor Disk Configuration Park, S. -H.; Lee, C. -W. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, Vol. 10, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/TMECH.2005.859825	journal	December 2005
Megaspeed Drive Systems: Pushing Beyond 1 Million r/min Zwyssig, C.; Kolar, J. W.; Round, S. D. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, Vol. 14, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/TMECH.2008.2009310	journal	October 2009
Modeling and Control of Salient-Pole Permanent Magnet Axial-Gap Self-Bearing Motor Nguyen, Quang Dich; Ueno, Satoshi IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, Vol. 16, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TMECH.2010.2045392	journal	June 2011
Modeling and Sensorless Direct Torque and Flux Control of a Dual-Airgap Axial Flux Permanent-Magnet Machine With Field-Weakening Operation Nguyen, Trong Duy; Foo, Gilbert; Tseng, King-Jet IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, Vol. 19, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/TMECH.2013.2242481	journal	April 2014
Analysis and comparison of a speed-dependant and a torque-dependant mechanical device for wide constant power speed range in AFPM starter/alternators Del Ferraro, L.; Caricchi, F.; Capponi, F. G. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 21, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2006.872377	journal	May 2006
Design of Axial Flux Induction Motor With Reduced Back Iron for Electric Vehicles Mei, Jie; Lee, Christopher H. T.; Kirtley, James L. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 69, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2019.2954084	journal	January 2020
Design of an Axial-Flux Interior Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor for Automotive Application: Performance Comparison with Electric Motors Used in EVs and HEVs Benlamine, R.; Dubas, F.; Espanet, C. 2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC) https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007043	conference	October 2014
A Comparative Study on Different Cooling Topologies for Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Machine Chuan, Hawwooi; Burke, Richard; Wu, Zhongze 2019 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC) https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC46532.2019.8952185	conference	October 2019
Recent developments and comparative study of magnetically geared machines Zhu, Z. Q.; Li, H. Y.; Deodhar, R. CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.23919/TEMS.2018.8326448	journal	March 2018
Comparative study of novel axial flux magnetically geared and conventional axial flux permanent magnet machines Khatab, Mohammed F. H.; Zhu, Z. Q.; Li, H. Y. CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems, Vol. 2, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.30941/CESTEMS.2018.00050	journal	December 2018
A Review on Additive Manufacturing Possibilities for Electrical Machines Naseer, Muhammad Usman; Kallaste, Ants; Asad, Bilal Energies, Vol. 14, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071940	journal	March 2021
Research on an Axial Flux PMSM with Radially Sliding Permanent Magnets Zhao, Jing; Li, Bin; Gu, Zhongxin Energies, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/en8031663	journal	February 2015
An Overview of Electric Machine Trends in Modern Electric Vehicles Agamloh, Emmanuel; von Jouanne, Annette; Yokochi, Alexandre Machines, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/machines8020020	journal	April 2020
Reduction of Cogging Torque in AFPM Machine Using Elliptical-Trapezoidal-Shaped Permanent Magnet Ali, S.; Ikram, J.; Devereux, C. P. Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society, Vol. 36, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.47037/2021.ACES.J.360819	journal	January 2021

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32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATION
Axial flux machines
axial flux machine fabrication
axial flux machine sizing
bearingless machines
combined radial-axial flux machines
commercial axial flux machines
magnetically geared machines
optimization
shear stress
thermal management

A Review of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Machine Technology

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