Mechanical performance and microstructure of the grade 91 stainless steel produced via Directed Energy deposition laser technique

Samuha, S.; Bickel, J.; Mukherjee, T.; DebRoy, T.; Lienert, T. J.; Maloy, S. A.; Lear, C. R.; Hosemann, P.

doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2023.111804

Title: Mechanical performance and microstructure of the grade 91 stainless steel produced via Directed Energy deposition laser technique

Journal Article · Wed Mar 01 00:00:00 EST 2023 · Materials & Design

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2023.111804· OSTI ID:1959852

; Bickel, J.; Mukherjee, T.; DebRoy, T.; Lienert, T. J.; Maloy, S. A.;

;

The grade 91 ferritic/martensitic steel is considered a promising structural or cladding material for various nuclear reactor applications. Here, grade 91 was fabricated via the Directed Energy Deposition Laser technique. This alternative manufacturing process potentially enables tailoring of the mechanical properties through increased control of the product’s microstructure. Aimed at linking fabrication to performance via defining the process-structure–property relationships, the current research includes macro and up to nano-scale mechanical testing using microhardness, tensile, and in-situ nanoindentation hardness, coupled with electron diffraction-based microstructure characterization. Mapping of the product structure and properties was conducted by testing miniature-sized samples, parallel to the built direction (‘Z’ direction) and perpendicular (‘X’ direction) at constant distances. We found the majority of the microstructure consists of fine and coarsened-size lath-type martensite grains, with up to 15% δ-phase, preferentially observed at the melt pool boundaries. Most intriguing was the gradual decrease found in observed metallurgical pores alongside softening at farthest distances from the cold build platform. Here, these changes were successfully explained in terms of phase composition, ‘grain-like’ size effects of the lath-type martensite, and geometry necessary dislocation density. In finalizing this work, several competing strengthening mechanisms were addressed, and their activity was considered owing to fabrication-related mechanisms.

View Journal Article

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Nuclear Energy (NE)

Grant/Contract Number:: 19–17206; 89233218CNA000001

OSTI ID:: 1959852

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1961380

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-22-28949; S0264127523002198; 111804; PII: S0264127523002198

Journal Information:: Materials & Design, Journal Name: Materials & Design Vol. 227 Journal Issue: C; ISSN 0264-1275

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

References (50)

Microstructural development in reduced activation ferritic alloys irradiated to 200 dpa at 420°C Gelles, D. S. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 212-215 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(94)90150-3	journal	September 1994
Microstructure and properties of hybrid additive manufacturing 316L component by directed energy deposition and laser remelting Chen, Xiao-hui; Chen, Bo; Cheng, Xu Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, Vol. 27, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-020-00396-y	journal	April 2020
Effects of microstructural variables on the deformation behaviour of dual-phase steel Jiang, Zhonghao; Guan, Zhenzhong; Lian, Jianshe Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 190, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(94)09594-M	journal	January 1995
Irradiation creep and swelling of the US fusion heats of HT9 and 9Cr-1Mo to 208 dpa at ~ 400°C Toloczko, M. B.; Garner, F. A.; Eiholzer, C. R. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 212-215 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(94)90131-7	journal	September 1994
Direct comparison of nanoindentation and tensile test results on reactor-irradiated materials Krumwiede, D. L.; Yamamoto, T.; Saleh, T. A. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 504 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2018.03.021	journal	June 2018
Martensite microstructure of 9–12%Cr steels weld metals Oñoro, J. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 180, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.05.014	journal	December 2006
Tailoring the strength and ductility of T91 steel by partial tempering treatment Shang, Z.; Ding, Jie; Fan, C. Acta Materialia, Vol. 169 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.02.043	journal	May 2019
Additive manufacturing of metallic components – Process, structure and properties DebRoy, T.; Wei, H. L.; Zuback, J. S. Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 92 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.10.001	journal	March 2018
Metallography studies and hardness measurements on ferritic/martensitic steels irradiated in STIP Zhang, H.; Long, B.; Dai, Y. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 377, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.02.037	journal	June 2008
Measurement of geometrically necessary dislocation density with high resolution electron backscatter diffraction: Effects of detector binning and step size Jiang, J.; Britton, T. B.; Wilkinson, A. J. Ultramicroscopy, Vol. 125 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.11.003	journal	February 2013
The relationship between hardness and yield stress in irradiated austenitic and ferritic steels Busby, Jeremy T.; Hash, Mark C.; Was, Gary S. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 336, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2004.09.024	journal	February 2005
Multi-layer functional graded stainless steel fabricated by laser melting deposition Zhang, C. H.; Zhang, H.; Wu, C. L. Vacuum, Vol. 141 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2017.04.020	journal	July 2017
The Thermo-Mechanical Response of GeTe under Compression Guttmann, Gilad Mordechai; Samuha, Shmuel; Gertner, Reuven Materials, Vol. 15, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15175970	journal	August 2022
Nanoindentation based properties of Inconel 718 at elevated temperatures: A comparison of conventional versus additively manufactured samples Wang, Hao; Dhiman, Abhijeet; Ostergaard, Halsey E. International Journal of Plasticity, Vol. 120 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2019.04.018	journal	September 2019
Grain refinement mechanisms and strength-hardness correlation of ultra-fine grained grade 91 steel processed by equal channel angular extrusion Song, Miao; Sun, Cheng; Chen, Youxing International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, Vol. 172 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2019.03.025	journal	May 2019
Delta (δ) Ferrite Formation in the Welds of Aluminized 9Cr-1Mo Steels Zala, A. B.; Jamnapara, N. I.; Badheka, V. J. Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-019-00528-1	journal	February 2019
Resolving the geometrically necessary dislocation content by conventional electron backscattering diffraction Pantleon, W. Scripta Materialia, Vol. 58, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.01.050	journal	June 2008
Additive manufacturing of Ti–6Al–4V components by shaped metal deposition: Microstructure and mechanical properties Baufeld, Bernd; Biest, Omer Van der; Gault, Rosemary Materials & Design, Vol. 31 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.11.032	journal	June 2010
Texture Analysis with MTEX – Free and Open Source Software Toolbox Bachmann, F.; Hielscher, Ralf; Schaeben, Helmut Solid State Phenomena, Vol. 160 https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.160.63	journal	February 2010
High dislocation density–induced large ductility in deformed and partitioned steels He, B. B.; Hu, B.; Yen, H. W. Science, Vol. 357, Issue 6355 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan0177	journal	August 2017
Adaptive domain misorientation approach for the EBSD measurement of deformation induced dislocation sub-structures Lehto, Pauli Ultramicroscopy, Vol. 222 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113203	journal	March 2021
Some geometrical relations in dislocated crystals Nye, J. F. Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(53)90054-6	journal	March 1953
Mechanical Properties of Nanometre Volumes of Material: use of the Elastic Response of Small Area Indentations Pethica, J. B.; Oliver, W. C. MRS Proceedings, Vol. 130 https://doi.org/10.1557/PROC-130-13	journal	January 1988
EBW and LBW of Additive Manufactured Ti6Al4V Products Welding Journal, Vol. 97, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.29391/2018.97.016	journal	June 2018
Indentation size effects in crystalline materials: A law for strain gradient plasticity Nix, William D.; Gao, Huajian Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 46, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5096(97)00086-0	journal	March 1998
Low-activation ferritic and martensitic steels for fusion application Kohyama, A.; Hishinuma, A.; Gelles, D. S. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 233-237 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(96)00327-3	journal	October 1996
Electromagnetic evaluation of the microstructure of Grade 91 tubes/pipes Liu, Jun; Wilson, John; Strangwood, Martin International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, Vol. 132-133 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2015.05.009	journal	August 2015
Martensite in steel: strength and structure Krauss, George Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 273-275 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00288-9	journal	December 1999
Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Chromium-Molybdenum https://doi.org/10.1520/A0387_A0387M-17A	standard	January 2017
A roadmap for tailoring the strength and ductility of ferritic/martensitic T91 steel via thermo-mechanical treatment Song, M.; Sun, C.; Fan, Z. Acta Materialia, Vol. 112 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.04.031	journal	June 2016
The microstructure and mechanical properties of T91 steel processed by ECAP at room temperature Fan, Z. Q.; Hao, T.; Zhao, S. X. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 434, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2012.12.009	journal	March 2013
Effect of block size on the strength of lath martensite in low carbon steels Morito, S.; Yoshida, H.; Maki, T. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 438-440 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.12.048	journal	November 2006
Determination of elastic strain fields and geometrically necessary dislocation distributions near nanoindents using electron back scatter diffraction Wilkinson, Angus J.; Randman, David Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 90, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1080/14786430903304145	journal	March 2010
The Indentation Size Effect: A Critical Examination of Experimental Observations and Mechanistic Interpretations Pharr, George M.; Herbert, Erik G.; Gao, Yanfei Annual Review of Materials Research, Vol. 40, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-070909-104456	journal	June 2010
The formation and dissolution of residual δ ferrite in ASME Grade 91 steel plates Kobayashi, Satoru; Sawada, Kota; Hara, Toru Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 592 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.10.058	journal	January 2014
An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments Oliver, W. C.; Pharr, G. M. Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 7, Issue 06, p. 1564-1583 https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1992.1564	journal	June 1992
On the measurement of dislocations and dislocation substructures using EBSD and HRSD techniques Muránsky, O.; Balogh, L.; Tran, M. Acta Materialia, Vol. 175 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.05.036	journal	August 2019
Phase Analysis on Dual-Phase Steel Using Band Slope of Electron Backscatter Diffraction Pattern Kang, Jun-Yun; Park, Seong-Jun; Moon, Man-Been Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 19, Issue S5 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927613012233	journal	August 2013
Functionally graded material of 304L stainless steel and inconel 625 fabricated by directed energy deposition: Characterization and thermodynamic modeling Carroll, Beth E.; Otis, Richard A.; Borgonia, John Paul Acta Materialia, Vol. 108 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.02.019	journal	April 2016
Ferritic/martensitic steels for next-generation reactors Klueh, R. L.; Nelson, A. T. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 371, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2007.05.005	journal	September 2007
Mechanical Properties and Behavior of Additive Manufactured Stainless Steel 316L Bevan, M. A.; Ameri, A. A. H.; East, D. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51382-9_63	book	January 2017
Microstructure-property relationship for AISI 304/308L stainless steel laser weldment Mao, Keyou; Wang, Hao; Wu, Yaqiao Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 721 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.02.092	journal	April 2018
Densification mechanism and microstructural evolution in selective laser sintering of Al–12Si powders Olakanmi, E. O.; Cochrane, R. F.; Dalgarno, K. W. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 211, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.09.003	journal	January 2011
The microstructure and tensile properties of ferritic/martensitic steels T91, Eurofer-97 and F82H irradiated up to 20dpa in STIP-III Tong, Z.; Dai, Y. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 398, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2009.10.008	journal	March 2010
Effect of processing parameters on microstructure and tensile properties of austenitic stainless steel 304L made by directed energy deposition additive manufacturing Wang, Zhuqing; Palmer, Todd A.; Beese, Allison M. Acta Materialia, Vol. 110 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.03.019	journal	May 2016
Tensile properties and microstructure of additively manufactured Grade 91 steel for nuclear applications Eftink, Benjamin P.; Vega, Daniel A.; El Atwani, Osman Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 544 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2020.152723	journal	February 2021
Development and characterization of Ti-6Al-4V to 304L stainless steel gradient components fabricated with laser deposition additive manufacturing Reichardt, Ashley; Dillon, R. Peter; Borgonia, John Paul Materials & Design, Vol. 104 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.05.016	journal	August 2016
European cross-cutting research on structural materials for Generation IV and transmutation systems Fazio, C.; Alamo, A.; Almazouzi, A. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 392, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2009.03.020	journal	July 2009
Revealing relationships between microstructure and hardening nature of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel Cui, Luqing; Jiang, Shuang; Xu, Jinghao Materials & Design, Vol. 198 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109385	journal	January 2021
Study of the microstructure of the Grade 91 steel after more than 100,000 h of creep exposure at 600 °C Panait, C. G.; Bendick, W.; Fuchsmann, A. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, Vol. 87, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2010.03.017	journal	June 2010

Similar Records

First Annual Progress Report on the Procurement and Post-Irradiation Examination of the Selected Samples of Alloy 800H and Grade 92 and 91 Steels

Technical Report · Thu Feb 28 00:00:00 EST 2019 · OSTI ID:1959852

Tan, Lizhen; Chen, Tianyi; Linton, Kory; +2 more

Effects of the Tempering and High-Pressure Torsion Temperatures on Microstructure of Ferritic/Martensitic Steel Grade 91

Journal Article · Thu Apr 19 00:00:00 EDT 2018 · Materials · OSTI ID:1959852

Ganeev, Artur; Nikitina, Marina; Sitdikov, Vil; +3 more

FY17 Status Report on the Micromechanical Finite Element Modeling of Creep Fracture of Grade 91 Steel

Technical Report · Fri Sep 01 00:00:00 EDT 2017 · OSTI ID:1959852

Messner, M. C.; Truster, T. J.; Cochran, K. B.; +2 more

Related Subjects

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
laser additive manufacturing
Ferritic/Martensitic steel
mechanical properties
nuclear components

Title: Mechanical performance and microstructure of the grade 91 stainless steel produced via Directed Energy deposition laser technique

Citation Formats

References (50)

Similar Records

Related Subjects