Unconventional Charge Transport in MgCr2O4 and Implications for Battery Intercalation Hosts

Johnson, Ian D.; Mistry, Aashutosh N.; Yin, Liang; Murphy, Megan; Wolfman, Mark; Fister, Timothy T.; Lapidus, Saul H.; Cabana, Jordi; Srinivasan, Venkat; Ingram, Brian J.

doi:10.1021/jacs.2c03491

Unconventional Charge Transport in MgCr₂O₄ and Implications for Battery Intercalation Hosts

Journal Article · Wed Jul 27 00:00:00 EDT 2022 · Journal of the American Chemical Society

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c03491· OSTI ID:1923252

^[1]; ^[1]; ^[1]; Murphy, Megan ^[1]; ^[2]; ^[1]; ^[1]; ^[1]; ^[1]; ^[1]

Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Lemont, IL (United States). Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Lemont, IL (United States).

Ion transport in solid-state cathode materials prescribes a fundamental limit to the rates batteries can operate; therefore, an accurate understanding of ion transport is a critical missing piece to enable new battery technologies, such as magnesium batteries. Based on our conventional understanding of lithium-ion materials, MgCr₂O₄ is a promising magnesium-ion cathode material given its high capacity, high voltage against an Mg anode, and acceptable computed diffusion barriers. Electrochemical examinations of MgCr₂O₄, however, reveal significant energetic limitations. Motivated by these disparate observations; herein, we examine long-range ion transport by electrically polarizing dense pellets of MgCr₂O₄. Our conventional understanding of ion transport in battery cathode materials, e.g., Nernst-Einstein conduction, cannot explain the measured response since it neglects frictional interactions between mobile species and their nonideal free energies. In this work, we propose an extended theory that incorporates these interactions and reduces to the Nernst-Einstein conduction under dilute conditions. This theory describes the measured response, and we report the first study of long-range ion transport behavior in MgCr₂O₄. We conclusively show that the Mg chemical diffusivity is comparable to lithium-ion electrode materials, whereas the total conductivity is rate-limiting. Given these differences, energy storage in MgCr₂O₄ is limited by particle-scale voltage drops, unlike lithium-ion particles that are limited by concentration gradients. Future materials design efforts should consider the interspecies interactions described in this extended theory, particularly with respect to multivalent-ion systems and their resultant effects on continuum transport properties.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Advanced Photon Source (APS); Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; AC02-06CH11357

OSTI ID:: 1923252

Journal Information:: Journal of the American Chemical Society, Journal Name: Journal of the American Chemical Society Journal Issue: 31 Vol. 144; ISSN 0002-7863

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (78)

Mixed Electronic and Ionic Conduction Properties of Lithium Lanthanum Titanate Wang, Michael J.; Wolfenstine, Jeffrey B.; Sakamoto, Jeff Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201909140	journal	January 2020
Electroceramics: Characterization by Impedance Spectroscopy Irvine, John T. S.; Sinclair, Derek C.; West, Anthony R. Advanced Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.19900020304	journal	March 1990
Intercalation and Push-Out Process with Spinel-to-Rocksalt Transition on Mg Insertion into Spinel Oxides in Magnesium Batteries Okamoto, Shinya; Ichitsubo, Tetsu; Kawaguchi, Tomoya Advanced Science, Vol. 2, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201500072	journal	June 2015
Restricted diffusion in binary solutions Newman, John; Chapman, Thomas W. AIChE Journal, Vol. 19, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690190220	journal	March 1973
Porous-electrode theory with battery applications Newman, John; Tiedemann, William AIChE Journal, Vol. 21, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690210103	journal	January 1975
Ionics versus electronics, and the general case of mixed conductor ^* Maier, J. Annalen der Physik, Vol. 518, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.200651807-804	journal	May 2006
Mass Transfer in Concentrated Binary Electrolytes Newman, John; Bennion, Douglas; Tobias, Charles W. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie, Vol. 69, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/bbpc.19650690712	journal	September 1965
Crystal structures and cation distributions in simple spinels from powder XRD structural refinements: MgCr2O4, ZnCr2O4, Fe3O4 and the temperature dependence of the cation distribution in ZnAl2O4 O'Neill, H. St. C.; Dollase, W. A. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, Vol. 20, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00211850	journal	May 1994
Stress generation and fracture in lithium insertion materials Christensen, John; Newman, John Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, Vol. 10, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-006-0095-1	journal	March 2006
Impedance/Dielectric Spectroscopy of Electroceramics?Part 2: Grain Shape Effects and Local Properties of Polycrystalline Ceramics Kidner, N. J.; Homrighaus, Z. J.; Ingram, B. J. Journal of Electroceramics, Vol. 14, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10832-005-0968-1	journal	July 2005
Impedance/Dielectric Spectroscopy of Electroceramics?Part 1: Evaluation of Composite Models for Polycrystalline Ceramics Kidner, N. J.; Homrighaus, Z. J.; Ingram, B. J. Journal of Electroceramics, Vol. 14, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10832-005-0969-0	journal	July 2005
Synthesis and characterization of chromium spinels as potential electrode support materials for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells Stefan, E.; Irvine, J. T. S. Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 46, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-4489-1	journal	November 2011
Four point Hebb-Wagner polarization method for determining the electronic conductivity in mixed ionic-electronic conductors Riess, I. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 51, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(92)90204-3	journal	April 1992
Ionic conduction in nanocrystalline materials Tuller, H. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 131, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2738(00)00629-9	journal	June 2000
Interpretation of the Gerischer impedance in solid state ionics Boukamp, B. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 157, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2738(02)00185-6	journal	February 2003
Reversible Mg-Ion Insertion in a Metastable One-Dimensional Polymorph of V2O5 Andrews, Justin L.; Mukherjee, Arijita; Yoo, Hyun Deog Chem, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2017.12.018	journal	March 2018
Composition-dependent thermodynamic and mass-transport characterization of lithium hexafluorophosphate in propylene carbonate Hou, Tianhong; Monroe, Charles W. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 332 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135085	journal	February 2020
Shifting-reference concentration cells to refine composition-dependent transport characterization of binary lithium-ion electrolytes Wang, Andrew A.; Hou, Tianhong; Karanjavala, Minnie Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 358 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136688	journal	October 2020
Progress in development of electrolytes for magnesium batteries Deivanayagam, Ramasubramonian; Ingram, Brian J.; Shahbazian-Yassar, Reza Energy Storage Materials, Vol. 21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2019.05.028	journal	September 2019
Li diffusion in LiCoO2 thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition Xia, Hui; Lu, Li; Ceder, G. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 159, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.12.012	journal	September 2006
Analysis of the Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT) as applied to a lithium-ion porous electrode Dees, Dennis W.; Kawauchi, Shigehiro; Abraham, Daniel P. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 189, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.09.045	journal	April 2009
A review of conduction phenomena in Li-ion batteries Park, Myounggu; Zhang, Xiangchun; Chung, Myoungdo Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 195, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.06.060	journal	December 2010
Ionic and electronic transport in single crystalline LiFePO4 grown by optical floating zone technique Amin, R.; Maier, J.; Balaya, P. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 179, Issue 27-32 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2008.01.079	journal	September 2008
Atomic-scale observation of phase transition of MgMn2O4 cubic spinel upon the charging in Mg-ion battery Truong, Quang Duc; Kobayashi, Hiroaki; Nayuki, Keiichiro Solid State Ionics, Vol. 344 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2019.115136	journal	January 2020
High Voltage Mg-Ion Battery Cathode via a Solid Solution Cr–Mn Spinel Oxide Kwon, Bob Jin; Yin, Liang; Park, Haesun Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 32, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c01988	journal	July 2020
NaV _1.25 Ti _0.75 O ₄ : A Potential Post-Spinel Cathode Material for Mg Batteries Sun, Xiaoqi; Blanc, Lauren; Nolis, Gene M. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b03383	journal	December 2017
Probing Mg Migration in Spinel Oxides Bayliss, Ryan D.; Key, Baris; Sai Gautam, Gopalakrishnan Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 32, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b02450	journal	December 2019
Probing Electrochemical Mg-Ion Activity in MgCr _{2– x} V _x O ₄ Spinel Oxides Kwon, Bob Jin; Lau, Ka-Cheong; Park, Haesun Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 32, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b04206	journal	December 2019
Odyssey of Multivalent Cathode Materials: Open Questions and Future Challenges Canepa, Pieremanuele; Sai Gautam, Gopalakrishnan; Hannah, Daniel C. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 117, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00614	journal	February 2017
On the Utility of Spinel Oxide Hosts for Magnesium-Ion Batteries Knight, James C.; Therese, Soosairaj; Manthiram, Arumugam ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 7, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b06179	journal	October 2015
Secondary-Phase Stochastics in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes Mistry, Aashutosh N.; Smith, Kandler; Mukherjee, Partha P. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 10, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b17771	journal	January 2018
Toward Bottom-Up Understanding of Transport in Concentrated Battery Electrolytes Mistry, Aashutosh; Yu, Zhou; Peters, Brandon L. ACS Central Science, Vol. 8, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.2c00348	journal	June 2022
High Capacity for Mg ²⁺ Deintercalation in Spinel Vanadium Oxide Nanocrystals Hu, Linhua; Jokisaari, Jacob R.; Kwon, Bob Jin ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01189	journal	July 2020
The Quest for Functional Oxide Cathodes for Magnesium Batteries: A Critical Perspective Johnson, Ian D.; Ingram, Brian J.; Cabana, Jordi ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00416	journal	April 2021
Intercalation of Magnesium into a Layered Vanadium Oxide with High Capacity Yoo, Hyun Deog; Jokisaari, Jacob R.; Yu, Young-Sang ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 4, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.9b00788	journal	May 2019
Ultimate Limits to Intercalation Reactions for Lithium Batteries Whittingham, M. Stanley Chemical Reviews, Vol. 114, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5003003	journal	October 2014
Quantifying Mass Transport during Polarization in a Li Ion Battery Electrolyte by in Situ ⁷ Li NMR Imaging Klett, Matilda; Giesecke, Marianne; Nyman, Andreas Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja305461j	journal	August 2012
Operando X-ray Diffraction Studies of the Mg-Ion Migration Mechanisms in Spinel Cathodes for Rechargeable Mg-Ion Batteries Yin, Liang; Kwon, Bob Jin; Choi, Yunyeong Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 143, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c04098	journal	July 2021
Cooperation between Active Material, Polymeric Binder and Conductive Carbon Additive in Lithium Ion Battery Cathode Zheng, Honghe; Yang, Ruizhi; Liu, Gao The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 116, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp208428w	journal	February 2012
Building better batteries Armand, M.; Tarascon, J.-M. Nature, Vol. 451, Issue 7179, p. 652-657 https://doi.org/10.1038/451652a	journal	February 2008
Spinel compounds as multivalent battery cathodes: a systematic evaluation based on ab initio calculations Liu, Miao; Rong, Ziqin; Malik, Rahul Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE03389B	journal	January 2015
Structure and properties of MgM _x Cr _2−x O ₄ (M = Li, Mg, Ti, Fe, Cu, Ga) spinels for electrode supports in solid oxide fuel cells Stefan, Elena; Connor, Paul A.; Azad, Abul K. J. Mater. Chem. A, Vol. 2, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA03633F	journal	January 2014
Tailoring the electrochemical activity of magnesium chromium oxide towards Mg batteries through control of size and crystal structure Hu, Linhua; Johnson, Ian D.; Kim, Soojeong Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NR08347A	journal	January 2019
Electrochemical phase transformation accompanied with Mg extraction and insertion in a spinel MgMn ₂ O ₄ cathode material Hatakeyama, Takuya; Okamoto, Norihiko L.; Shimokawa, Kohei Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 21, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CP04461B	journal	January 2019
Enhanced charge storage of nanometric ζ-V ₂ O ₅ in Mg electrolytes Johnson, Ian D.; Nolis, Gene; Yin, Liang Nanoscale, Vol. 12, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NR05060A	journal	January 2020
Electrical Conductivity of Silver Sulfide Hebb, Malcolm H. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1700165	journal	January 1952
Energy storage emerging: A perspective from the Joint Center for Energy Storage Research Trahey, Lynn; Brushett, Fikile R.; Balsara, Nitash P. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 117, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821672117	journal	June 2020
Electrical Resistivity of Composites McLachlan, David S.; Blaszkiewicz, Michael; Newnham, Robert E. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 73, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1990.tb07576.x	journal	August 1990
Impedance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Chemical and Electrochemical Analysis of Mixed Conductors: A Case Study of Ceria Lai, Wei; Haile, Sossina M. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 88, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00740.x	journal	November 2005
Nanograin Composite Model Studies of Nanocrystalline Gadolinia-Doped Ceria: Nanograin Composite Model Studies Yeh, Ted C.; Perry, Nicola H.; Mason, Thomas O. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 94, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04200.x	journal	November 2010
On the Theory of Mixed Conduction with Special Reference to Conduction in Silver Sulfide Group Semiconductors Yokota, Isaaki Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, Vol. 16, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.16.2213	journal	November 1961
The Impedance Response of a Porous Electrode Composed of Intercalation Particles Meyers, Jeremy P.; Doyle, Marc; Darling, Robert M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 147, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1393627	journal	January 2000
Discharge Model for the Lithium Iron-Phosphate Electrode Srinivasan, Venkat; Newman, John Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 151, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1785012	journal	January 2004
Transport Properties of LiPF[sub 6]-Based Li-Ion Battery Electrolytes Valo̸en, Lars Ole; Reimers, Jan N. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 152, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1872737	journal	January 2005
Defect Chemistry and Conductivity Effects in Heterogeneous Solid Electrolytes Maier, Joachim Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2100703	journal	January 1987
Determination of the Kinetic Parameters of Mixed-Conducting Electrodes and Application to the System Li[sub 3]Sb Weppner, W. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 124, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2133112	journal	January 1977
A Mathematical Model of Stress Generation and Fracture in Lithium Manganese Oxide Christensen, John; Newman, John Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 153, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2185287	journal	January 2006
Modeling of Galvanostatic Charge and Discharge of the Lithium/Polymer/Insertion Cell Doyle, Marc Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 140, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2221597	journal	January 1993
Effects of Various Conductive Additive and Polymeric Binder Contents on the Performance of a Lithium-Ion Composite Cathode Liu, G.; Zheng, H.; Kim, S. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 155, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2976031	journal	January 2008
Electrode Mesoscale as a Collection of Particles: Coupled Electrochemical and Mechanical Analysis of NMC Cathodes Ferraro, Mark E.; Trembacki, Bradley L.; Brunini, Victor E. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab632b	journal	January 2020
Fingerprinting Redox Heterogeneity in Electrodes during Extreme Fast Charging Mistry, Aashutosh; Usseglio-Viretta, Francois L. E.; Colclasure, Andrew Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab8fd7	journal	May 2020
Apparent Increasing Lithium Diffusion Coefficient with Applied Current in Graphite Dees, Dennis W.; Rodrigues, Marco-Tulio F.; Kalaga, Kaushik Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abaf9f	journal	August 2020
Comparison of Ionic Transport Properties of Non-Aqueous Lithium and Sodium Hexafluorophosphate Electrolytes Landesfeind, Johannes; Hosaka, Tomooki; Graf, Maximilian Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 168, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abf8d9	journal	April 2021
Quantifying Negative Effects of Carbon-Binder Networks from Electrochemical Performance of Porous Li-Ion Electrodes Mistry, Aashutosh; Trask, Stephen; Dunlop, Alison Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 168, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac1033	journal	July 2021
Effect of Solvent Motion on Ion Transport in Electrolytes Mistry, Aashutosh; Grundy, Lorena S.; Halat, David M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 169, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac6329	journal	April 2022
Characterization of Electronic and Ionic Transport in Li _1- _x Ni _0.33 Mn _0.33 Co _0.33 O ₂ (NMC ₃₃₃ ) and Li _1- _x Ni _0.50 Mn _0.20 Co _0.30 O ₂ (NMC ₅₂₃ ) as a Function of Li Content Amin, Ruhul; Chiang, Yet-Ming Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0131608jes	journal	January 2016
Characterization of Electronic and Ionic Transport in Li _1- _x Ni ₀ _. ₈ Co _0.15 Al _0.05 O ₂ (NCA) Amin, Ruhul; Ravnsbæk, Dorthe Bomholdt; Chiang, Yet-Ming Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0171507jes	journal	January 2015
Particles and Polymer Binder Interaction: A Controlling Factor in Lithium-Ion Electrode Performance Liu, G.; Zheng, H.; Song, X. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 159, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.024203jes	journal	January 2012
Practical Stability Limits of Magnesium Electrolytes Lipson, Albert L.; Han, Sang-Don; Pan, Baofei Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0451610jes	journal	January 2016
Temperature and Concentration Dependence of the Ionic Transport Properties of Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolytes Landesfeind, Johannes; Gasteiger, Hubert A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0571912jes	journal	January 2019
Micro-Four-Line Probe to Measure Electronic Conductivity and Contact Resistance of Thin-Film Battery Electrodes Lanterman, Bryson J.; Riet, Adriaan A.; Gates, Nathaniel S. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0581510jes	journal	January 2015
High Rate Capability of Li(Ni _1/3 Mn _1/3 Co _1/3 )O ₂ Electrode for Li-Ion Batteries Wu, Shao-Ling; Zhang, Wei; Song, Xiangyun Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 159, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.062204jes	journal	January 2012
Electrochemical Characterization and Temperature Dependency of Mass-Transport Properties of LiPF ₆ in EC:DEC Lundgren, Henrik; Behm, Mårten; Lindbergh, Göran Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0641503jes	journal	December 2014
Relationship between Steady-State Current in Symmetric Cells and Transference Number of Electrolytes Comprising Univalent and Multivalent Ions Balsara, Nitash P.; Newman, John Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0651514jes	journal	January 2015
Modeling the Effects of Electrode Microstructural Heterogeneities on Li-Ion Battery Performance and Lifetime Forouzan, Mehdi M.; Mazzeo, Brian A.; Wheeler, Dean R. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1281809jes	journal	January 2018
Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration and Performance Based Analysis of LiNi _0.5 Co _0.2 Mn _0.3 O ₂ Cathode Verma, Ankit; Smith, Kandler; Santhanagopalan, Shriram Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1701713jes	journal	January 2017
Beitrag zur Theorie des Anlaufvorgangs Wagner, Carl Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, Vol. 21B, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1515/zpch-1933-2105	journal	February 1933
Electrochemical Investigation Methods of Ionic Transport Properties in Solids Maier, Joachim Solid State Phenomena, Vol. 39-40 https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.39-40.35	journal	December 1994

Similar Records

Synthesis and Characterization of MgCr₂S₄ Thiospinel as a Potential Magnesium Cathode

Journal Article · Mon Jul 02 20:00:00 EDT 2018 · Inorganic Chemistry · OSTI ID:1473678

Elucidating Structural Transition Dynamics in the Magnesium Cathode MgCr₂O₄

Journal Article · Sun Oct 08 20:00:00 EDT 2023 · Chemistry of Materials · OSTI ID:2481039

Related Subjects

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Charge transport
Diffusion
Heat transfer
Materials
Transport properties

Unconventional Charge Transport in MgCr2O4 and Implications for Battery Intercalation Hosts

Citation Formats

References (78)

Similar Records

Related Subjects

Unconventional Charge Transport in MgCr₂O₄ and Implications for Battery Intercalation Hosts